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LEE'S 



Primary School History 



UNITED STATES 



By Susan Pendleton Lee 

Author of " Lee's Advanced History of the United States,'' " Lee's Brief History 
of the United States," " Life of General IVilliam N. Pendleton " 



Richmond, Va. 

p. F. Johnson Publishing Co, 

1897 



.1-48- 



Copyrighted, 1897 



]UL_iO 1929 

Americari (JfriVersit^ 



PREFACE. 



In response to the requests of many parents and teachers, 
this Primary History has been prepared for children from 
eight to twelve years old. 

In it the story of our country is told simply and truly, in 
a manner likely to interest youthful readers. The facts 
and statements can be verified by reference to the author- 
ities cited in the Brief and Advanced Histories which 
preceded it. 

With this series of three histories, no Southern child 
need remain in ignorance of the origin, growth and prog- 
ress of the United States, or be taught their history in a 
one-sided manner. 

The author hopes that all three books will receive the 
approval of both teachers and children. 



(5) 



CONTENTS. 



PERIOD I. 
Chapter I. 



PAGE. 



Discovery and Settlement, ^7 

Chapter II. 

22 

First Settlement, ,.,.,... 

Chapter III. 

26 
Jamestown Colony, „......- ^^ 

Chapter IV. 
Virginia after Smith Left It, 29 

Chapter V. 
The Dutch in New York— Settlement of New England, . 33 

Chapter VI. 

Rhode Island and Maryland . • 37 

(7) 



PAGE. 



8 Contents. 

Chapter VII. 
Cromwell Favors New England, 40 

Chapter VIII. 

* 

Other Colonies, New Jersey, North Carolina, South Caro- 
lina, Pennsylvania, Georgia, 44. 

Chapter IX. 

Bacon's Rebellion — Indian Warfare in Virginia and New 
England, 48 

Chapter X. 
Endof Bacon's Rebellion — Indian Wars in New England, . 51 



PERIOD 11. 

Chapter XI. 
Growth and Progress of the Colonies, 55 

Chapter XII. 

Discoveries of the French in the North and West, .... 59 



Contents. 9 

Chapter XIII. 

PAGK. 

Savage Indian Warfare, .... 62 

Chapter XIV. 
Settlement of Georgia, 66 

Chapter XV. 
About Some Famous Boys, 69 

Chapter XVI. 
Colonial War, 72 

Chapter XVII. 
The Colonies Prepare for Defence, 74 

Chapter XVIII. 
Progress of Colonial War, 76 

Chapter XIX. 
British Successes, 79 

Chapter XX. 
Condition of the Colonies, 83 

Chapter XXI. 
How Great Britain Oppressed the Colonies, 87 



lo Contents. 

PERIOD III. 
Chapter XXII. 



PAGE. 



Revolutioiiar}^ War — First Continental Congress, .... 91 

Chapter XXIII. 
Revolutionary War, Continued, 97 

Chapter XXIV. 
Revolutionary War, Continued — Resistance in the South, . lo:;: 

Chapter XXV. 
Revolutionary War, Continued, 1776-177 7, 105 

Chapter XXVI. 
Revolutionary War, Continued — Burgoyne's Defeat, . . .109 

Chapter XXVII. 

Revolutionary War, Continued, 1 777-1 778, 112 

Chapter XXVIII. 

Revolutionary War, Continued — Clarke Takes the North- 
west, 1779, 115 

Chapter XXIX. 
Revolutionary War, Continued, 1779-1780, 118 



Contents. 1 1 

Chapter XXX. 

PAGE. 

Revolutionary War, Continued, 121 

Chapter XXXI. 
Revolutionary War, Concluded, 1 781-1783, 124 

Chapter XXXII. 
Peace Restored — American Navy, 127 



PERIOD IV. 

Chapter XXXIII. 

The Country Under the Constitution — Washington's Ad- 
ministration, 1 789-1 797, • 131 

Chapter XXXIV. 
Constitutional Government, 134 

Chapter XXXV. 
President Adams — Administration of Adams, 138 

Chapter XXXVI. 
Jefferson's Administration, 140 

Chapter XXXVII. 
Madison's Administration, 1809-1817 — War of 1812, . . 144 



PAGE. 



1 2 Contents. 

Chapter XXXVIII. 
War of 1812, Continued, 147 

Chapter XXXIX. 
James Monroe, the Fifth President, 181 7-1 825, 151 

Chapter XL. 
John Quincy Adams, 1825-18 29 — Andrew Jackson, 1829- 

i837> 154 

Chapter XLI. 

Martin Van Buren, William Henry Harrison, John Tyler, 

James K. Polk, 157 

Chapter XLH. 
The Story of Texas, 159 

Chapter XLHI. 
James K. Polk — The Mexican War, 162 

Chapter XLIV. 
Taylor and Fillmore, 1849-1853, 166 

Chapter XLV. 
Franklin Pierce, the Fourteenth President, 1853- 18 57, • -169 

Chapter XLVI. 
James Buchanan, 1857-1861, 172 



Contents, 13 

PERIOD V. 
Chapter XLVII. 

PAGE. 

Civil War and Reconstruction — Formation of the Southern 

Confederacy, 178 

Chapter XLVIII. 

Abraham Lincohi, 1 861-1865 — Beginning of the War for 

Southern Independence, 181 

Chapter XLIX. 
War for Southern Independence, Continued, 185 

Chapter L. 
War for Southern Independence, Continued, 1861-1862 — 

Campaigns in the West, 189 

Chapter LI. 
War for Southern Independence, Continued — Campaign in 

the West, 1862, 192 

Chapter LII. 

War for Southern Independence, Continued — Campaigns 

in the East, 1862, 196 

Chapter EHI. 

War for Southern Independence, Continued — Virginia and 

Maryland Campaigns, 200 



14 Contents. 

Chapter LIV. 



PAGE. 



War for Southern Independence, Continued — Campaigns 

in Virginia and Pennsjdvania, 1863, 204 

Chapter LV. 

War for Southern Independence, Continued — Campaigns 

in the West and South, 1863, 209 

Chapter LVI. 
War for Southern Independence, Continued, 1864, . . .213 

Chapter LVII. 

War for Southern Independence, Continued — Affairs in the 

West and South, 1864 218 

Chapter LVIII. 

War for Southern Independence, Continued — Campaigns 

in Virginia, 1864, 222 

Chapter LIX. 
End of War for Southern Independence, 1865, 226 

Chapter LX. 
Reconstruction, 1865-1873, 230 



Contents. 15 

Chapter LXI. 

PAGE. 

Andrew Johnson, 1865-1869 — U. S. Grant, 1869-1877, . 234 

Chapter LXII. 

Hayes President, 1877-1881— Garfield and Arthur, 1881- 

1885, 237 



LEE'S PRIMARY HISTORY 



OF 



THE UNITED STATES, 



PERIOD I. 
CHAPTER I. 

DISCOVERY AND SETTLEMENT. 

What this Book is to Tell.- — I suppose that all my 
young readers know that they live in a large and grand 
country called " the United States." But you hardly know 
why this country had this name, or how there came to be 
so manv States united in one or-overnment. These thin^fs 
and others about our dear native land are what this little 
book is intended to tell you. 

Ancient Ideas of the World. — You know that the world 
is round like a ball, with the Eastern Continent containing 
Europe, Asia and Africa on one side of it, and the West- 
ern Continent containing North and South America on the 
other. But long ago the very wisest people did not know 
this. They thought that the earth was flat, and contained 
only the Eastern Continent with the ocean round it. 

Change of Opinions. — After a long, long time men 
learned more about geography ; and some of them began 
to think that the earth might be round instead of flat. 
Indeed, some sailors from Norway, made their way across 
the ocean first to Iceland, and then to Greenland, and even 
down the Eastern coast of North xAmerica. But before 
many years, their discoveries were forgotten; partly be- 
cause they had no good ships to cross the sea, and partly 
because there were no printed books for people to read. 

Christopher Columbus. — In the year 1435 after the 
birth of Christ, there was born in the city of Genoa, 

2 (17) 



i8 



Primary History of the United States. 



in Italy, a boy named Christopher Cohimbus. He was a 
bright boy, and learned every thing he could ; but he liked 
more than anything else, to hear about strange lands, and 
to study the poor maps he could get hold of. A great many 
ships came to Genoa, and Christopher Columbus would go 
down to the wharves, and talk to the sailors, and ask them 
questions about all the countries they had been to. He 
wished very much to be a sailor, and when he was only 
thirteen his father got him a place on a ship, and he sailed 
away. 

The Queen of Spain Helps Columbus. — As the years 
went on, Columbus began to think the world was round, 
and determined to try and find his way round it by sail- 
ing westward. He was a poor man, and could not himself 
provide for such a voyage. He, therefore, tried to persuade 
some of the kings of Europe to help him. At last Queen 
Isabella of Spain, a sweet and noble lady, listened to his 
entreaties. Her husband. King Ferdinand, joined her, and 
three little ships, the Pinta^ the Nina and the Santa Maria^ 
were fitted up for Columbus. 

First Voyage. — With these and ninety men he sailed 

from Palos 
in Spain, 
on August 
3,1492. He 
steered to 
the south- 
west across 
the great 
Atlantic, 
where no 
ship had 

COLUMBUS LANDING ON THE BAHAiMAS. CVCr bcCU 

before. His sailors soon became frightened, and wanted 
to turn back, but Columbus did not lose his courage, and 
persuaded them to go on. 

America Discovered, 1492. — After sailing for two months 
they were drawing near to land. He kept a close watch, 




Primary History of the United States. 19 

and early in the morning of October 12, the man who was 
keeping watch on the Pinta cried out, '' Land ! Land ! " 
and sure enough there lay a beautiful green coast just 
before them. This was one of the Bahama Islands, now 
called Cat Island or Watling Island. 

Return to Spain. — Continuing his voyage, Columbus 
discovered the large islands of Cuba and Haiti, on each of 
which he landed, and collected some of the strange plants, 
birds and animals found there, to take back to Spain. When 
the little fleet got back to Palos, about eight months after 
leaving there, it was greeted with much rejoicing. King 
Ferdinand and Queen Isabella made a great fuss over 
Columbus, and gave him many fine titles and rewards. 
Columbus thought he had come to India, and called the 
people on these islands Indians. 

Other Voyages. — Columbus made three other voyages. 
Once he came to South America, and in his last voyage he 
saw the shores of Yucatan, and the Isthmus of Panama. 

What Other Spaniards Discovered. — Other Spaniards 
followed up his discoveries. Balboa was the first white 
man who saw the Pacific Ocean. Cortez conquered Mex- 
ico. Pizzaro conquered Peru. Ponce de Leon came to 
Florida, and De Soto discovered the Mississippi River. All 
these Spaniards were busy hunting for gold, and cared noth- 
ing for the noble lands they had found. 

Naming of America. — x^.merigo Vespucci, a gentleman 
of Florence, who sailed many hundred miles along the coast 
of South America, wrote a book about the New World, 
which got the name of America from him. 

The Cabots Discover North America. Canada Dis- 
covered by Frenchmen. — Five \ears after Columbus dis- 
covered the West Indies, two English sailors 
named Cabot crossed the Atlantic much far- 
ther north, and reached the coasts of North 
America, which they claimed for the English 
King. Frenchmen came over also, who sailed 
up the St. Lawrence River, and claimed all the 
country along its banks for the French King. ^^"^ <^.^v.oi. 




20 



Primary History of the United States. 



Voyages Round the World. — The 

Spaniards founded St. Augustine in 
Florida in 1565, but it was a hundred 
years after America was discovered be- 
fore any English settlement was made 
in the United States. 
Before that time Ma- 
gellan and Sir Francis 
Drake had sailed quite ,,,,,,,,,3,,,,,, 
round the world, gettmg 
to Europe again without ever turning 
back. After a while the bold English 
sailors came again aud explored the 
coast of North America, and called the 
land they found Virginia, after Eliza- 
beth, the Virgin Queen of England. 





QUEEN ELIZABETH. 



QUESTIONS. 

1. What is this book intended to tell? 

2. How did the people think the earth was shaped long ago: 

3. What made them change their opinion? 

4. What discoveries did sailors from Norway make? 

5. Why were they forgotten? 

6. Where was Christopher Columbus born? 

7. Where is Genoa? 

8. What did Columbus determine to do? 

9. Who helped him? 

10. What were the names of his ships? 

11. Which way did he sail? 

12. When did he discover land? 

13. What was the first island he discovered? 

14. What larger islands did he find? 

15. What did he take back to Spain? 

16. How was he received? 

17. What country did he think he had come to? 

18. What did he call the people he found? 

19. What did he discover in his third and fourth voyages? 

20. What white man first saw the Pacific Ocean? 

21. Who conquered Mexico? 

22. Who conquered Peru? 

23. Who discovered Florida? 

24. Who discovered the Mississippi River? 

25. What were the Spaniards all hunting for? 

26. Why was the continent called America? 



Primary History of the United States. 



21 



27. Who discovered the continent of North America, and when? 

28. What part of it did the French ckiim? 

29. When was St. Augustine founded? 

30. What two captains first sailed around the workl? 

31. Why was part of North America called Virginia? 

Map of Europe. 

I. Where is Norway? 
Pal OS? 

Map of America. 

I. Where is Iceland? Greenland? Bahama Islands? Cuba? 
Haiti? Yucatan? Isthmus of Panama? Pacific Ocean? 

Mexico? Florida? Mississippi River? South America? West 
Indies? St. Lawrence River? St. Augustine? 



2. Where is Italy? 3. Where is Spain? 



BLACKBOARD FORM— CHAPTER I. 



Discoveries. 



Spanish. 

English. 
French. 



Ancients thought the earth flat. 

The people learned more about it, and begun to 
think it round. 

Christopher Columbus sailed to the west, and 
discovered America, in 1492. 

Thought it was India and called the people In- 
dians. 

Saw the southern part of North 



America named after Amerigo 

wrote a book describing it. 
Ponce de Leon in Florida, 15 12. 
Balboa saw the Pacific Ocean, 15 13. 
Cortez conquered Mexico, 15 19. 
Pizarro concjuered Peru, 1531. 
De Soto crossed the Mississippi River 



America, 
Vespucci, 



1502. 
who 



1541- 



John and Sebastian Cabot visited Newfoundland 
and Maryland, 1497, 1498. 

Jacques Cartier took possession of Canada, 1534. 



22 Primary History of the United States. 

CHAPTER II. 

FIRST SETTLEMENT. 

The Virginia and Plymouth Companies. — The King 

of England thought that he owned all of America be- 
tween the French on the St. Lawrence River and the 
Spaniards in Florida. He, therefore, gave parts of it to 
certain of his subjects. The Virginia Company was allowed 
to settle anywhere on the coast of Delaware, Maryland, 
Virginia and North Carolina, and to own that country 
straight back to the Pacific Ocean. The Plymouth Com- 
pany had the same rights from New Jersey to Maine, You 
will see how little these rights were afterwards regarded. 

The English at Jamestown. — In 1607, three little Eng- 
lish ships, the Susan Constant^ the Godspeed ^nd i\\Q Discov- 
ery^ under command of Christopher Newport, anchored off 
Cape Henry, where the English first landed. This proved 
an undesirable place to settle, and the little fleet sailed into 
the Chesapeake Bay, and up a broad river which was called 
the James, after the English king. Landing on the shore, 
the men in the ships made a settlement which they named 
Jamestown, the first successful English colony in America. 
They had a charter from King James giving them a great 
deal of land and much power. 

Their Brave, Good Leader. — There were only a hun- 
dred of them to form this colony, on the strange coast so 
far from their English home. But they had a brave, wise 
man among them. Captain John Smith, who soon became 
their leader, and they had also a pious, godly minister, Mr. 
Robert Hunt, for their chaplain. John Smith, in a pam- 
phlet published in 1631, gives us the following descrip- 
tion of their first church. " When I went first to Virginia, 
I well remember we did hang an awning (which is an old 
sail) to three or four trees, to shadow us from the sun. 
Our walls were rails of wood, our seats unhewed trees, 



Primary History of the United States. 



n 



'til we cut planks, our pulpit a bar of wood nailed to two 
neighboring trees; in foul weather we shifted into an old 
rotten tent, for we had few better." 

American Indians. — All the natives of America were 
called Indians, and in most respects they were all alike. 
They had red skins, coarse, straight black hair and black 
eyes, small hands and feet, and slender bodies. All of 
them were cruel and treacherous, though some were more 
savaee and less civilized than others. The Indians of 




THE FIRST CHURCH. 

Virginia were not so rude and barbarous as some other 
tribes, and at first showed kindness to the white men. 

The Indians Eager for Firearms. — These Indians had 
never seen any firearms, and they were terribly afraid of 
them. But they soon began to want them, and would do 
anything to get a gun or a musket and some gunpowder. 
Once, when some of them had stolen a bag of the powder, 
they sowed it in the ground, for they thought the black 
grains were seeds which would grow up and yield them 
many bags full. 

James River Explored. — In a few weeks Captain New- 
port, Captain John Smith and some other white men left 



24 Primary History of the United States. 

Jamestown and went up the river exploring. They knew 
so little of America that they expected to come to the 
Pacific Ocean ! Instead of that they came to the falls of 
the James River where the city of Richmond now stands, 
and where the Indian King, Powhatan, had one of his 
towns. 

Disaster in the Virginia Colony. — In a .short time New- 
port took the ships back to England, and then the colonists 
fell into great trouble. The Indians began to hate them 
and to do them all the harm they could. Their food gave 
out. Sickness came upon them and they seemed ready to 
perish. The courage and good sense of Captain John 
Smith saved them from destruction. 

Smith's Character and Training. — He was a fearless, 
energetic man, with firm trust in God, and much practical 
sense. He had fought in Europe against the Turks, and 
had learned a great deal in his wanderings. It was so im- 
portant to get food for the starving English that Captain 
Smith made journeys among the Indians trying to buy 
corn with beads, little mirrors and pieces of copper which 
the Indians greatly prized. 

His Bravery Saves his Life. — On one of these journeys 
he took two Indians as guides. They fell in with a party 
of hostile Indians who began shooting at Smith with their 
bows and arrows. He whipped off his garters and tied one 
of his guides to his arm, and used him as a shield. He 
was then captured and taken before King Powhatan's 
brother, Opecancanough. Here he again saved his life 
by showing the chief his pocket compass. Opecancanough 
carried him from place to place and gave him so much food 
that Smith thought they were trying to fatten him that 
they might eat him. 

Sends Messengers to Jamestown. — To make them 
friendly he promised that if he might send messengers 
to Jamestown they should bring back some presents to 
the Indians. Two red men were therefore sent with a 
note asking that several articles might be sent to Opecan- 
canough. Great was the astonishment of the tribe when 



Primary History of the Ui?ited States. 25 

the messengers came back with the promised presents. 
They conld not understand how the paper could talk to the 
white men. 

QUESTlONvS. 

1. To what two companies did King James give North America, 
between Canada and Florida? 

2. Where was the Virginia Company allowed to settle? 

3. The Plymouth Company? 

4. What three ships did Christopher Newport bring into the Chesa- 

peake in 1607? 

5. Where was the first settlement made? 

6. How many men were there? 

7. Who was their principal leader? 

8. Who was Mr. Robert Hunt? 

9. How did they show that they wished for God's blessing? 

10. Describe the appearance of the North American Indians. 

11. Tell their character. 

12. What were they soon eager for? 

13. What did Captain Newport expect to find when he went up the 

James River? 

14. What did he find? 

15. Who saved the colony from destruction when Newport went back 

to England? 

16. What was Smith's character? 

17. How did he try to get corn for the colonists? 

18. How did he save his life with one of his guides? 

19. Why did he think the Indians fed him so well? 

20. What made the Indians think that a written paper talked to the 

white man? 

21. Find the Chesapeake Bay, James River, Jamestown. 



26 



Printajy History of the United States. 



CHAPTER III. 




POCAHONTAS. 

their clubs to 
hontas, a orirl 



kill 



JAMESTOWN COLONY, CONTINUED. 

Sentenced to Death. — At last Smith was carried be- 
fore King Powhatan himself, to 
the royal wigwam where he sat sur- 
rounded by his wives and warriors. 
The old king had taken a great hatred 
of the white men and ordered that 
Smith should be put to death. A 
.^^^ large stone was placed in the midst of 

iip^/tl***^?! ^^^ Indians, and two of them were 
^^s ^^^^^m'm o^^^^^d to beat out the white man's 
brains. 

Pocahontas Saves Smith and Be- 
friends the Colony. — They had raised 
him when the king's daughter, Poca- 
about twelve years old, who had vainly 
begged for the captive's life, rushed forward and threw 
herself over him, shielding his head with her slender body. 
King Powhatan could not resist this. He allowed Smith 
to live, and soon sent him back to Jamestown. From this 
time Pocahontas continued to befriend him and the colony. 
She brought them food, and frequently warned them of her 
father's designs against their safety. 

Smith's Wise Rule. — Smith knew that work was the 
best thing for the colonists, and he set them to building 
houses, and cultivating the ground, and getting things to- 
gether to send to England when the ships should come 
again to Virginia. Half of the colonists were gentlemen 
who were not used to work and who did not like it. But 
Smith insisted on it, and set them an example by taking 
the hardest tasks himself. When they got angry and swore, 
he punished them by pouring a cup of water up their sleeve 
for every oath. 



Primary History of the United States. 



27 



^X- ^>;.!Lio^J"3 x 



Fire at Jamestown. — When Newport came back in*ten 
months with a fresh supply of colonists, he found only forty 
of the first settlers living. The little town took fire and 
was burned. The church, the dwellings, the storehouses 
were all consumed, and the settlers left destitute at the be- 
i^ inning of winter. Smith again encouraged them to work, 
and got them some food from the Indians. 

Greediness for Gold. — They might have done w^ell, but 
u nfort unately 
they found 
some yellow 
earth which,.^ 
they took for W.i 
gold, and gave 
up all useful 
labor to dig 
great piles of 
the worthless 
stuff. In spite ! 
of all Smith 
could say and 
do they r e- 
m a i n e d 1 a z \- 
and wasteful, 
and so me of 
them hated him for making them work. 

Smith's Map of the Chesapeake Bay. — x\ wonderful 
work which Smith performed was exploring the Chesa- 
peake Ba}' and making a map of it, and of the rivers which 
run into it. This map is a good one now, and shows Smith 
to have been a verN' accurate and observant man. 

What Effect it Had in England. — Smith's map and 
description of the new country caused much interest in 
England. The king gave them a new charter, and more 
territory, and nine ships with five hundred settlers and sup- 
plies of all sorts sailed from England. One of the ships was 
wrecked on the Bermuda Islands, and the rest had a hard 
time getting to Jamestown. Not long after this Captain 




28 Primary Histoiy of the United States. 

Smith was so horribly burned by the explosion of some 
gunpowder that he had to go back to England, and never 
returned to Virginia. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. Who condemned Smith to die? 

2. How was his life saved? 

3. What did Pocahontas do for the colony? 

4. How did Smith set the colonists to work? 

5. What punishment did he give them for swearing? 

6. How many of the colonists had died before Newport came back? 

7. Tell of the fire at Jamestown. 

8. Who got the settlers food? 

9. For what worthless stuff did they give up all useful labor? 

10. Tell of Smith's exploring the Chesapeake Bay, and of the map 

he made. 

11. How many ships and settlers then sailed from England? 

12. Where was one of the ships wrecked? 

13. Why was Captain Smith obliged to return to England? 

14. Where are the Bermuda Islands? 



Primary History of tJie United States. 29 



CHAPTER IV. 

VIRGINIA AFTER SMITH LEFT IT. 

Starving Time. — There were nearly five hundred set- 
tlers at Jamestown when Smith left, with animals, provis- 
ions and tools. But as soon as he was no longer there to 
regulate and restrain them, the colonists gave themselves 
up to idleness and waste. The Indians murdered them, 
fevers destroyed them, and so many of them died for want 
of food that this was spoken of as the " Starving Time." 
In less than a year all but sixty had perished. 

Lord Delaware Comes and Saves the Colony. — The 
men who were wrecked in Bermuda, in the mean time, 
built two suiall vessels, and came to Jamestown. The 
wretched plight of tlie colony did not encourage them to 
remain there. So all hands embarked and set sail for Eng- 
land. Near the mouth of the river they met some ships 
under Lord Delaware with a fresh supply of settlers and 
provisions. They turned back, and all came to Jamestown 
together, and there was never again any thought of giving 
up Virginia and the colony there, which soon became 
stronger and more prosperous. 

Planting of Tobacco. — Governor Thomas Dale, to en- 
courage the cultivation of the soil, gave each settler some 
land for his own. The soil is fine for tobacco, and the 
settlers now began to plant a great deal of it for sale, as 
well as corn and vegetables for food. Tobacco takes up a 
great deal of ground and so the Virginia settlers lived 
apart on their plantations, and did not crowd together in 
towns. 

The Virginians had all the Rights of Englishmen. — 
The English people had been used for many years to make 
their own laws, and enjoy personal liberty. The charters 
given to the colonists in Virginia, had secured to them 



30 Primary History of tJie United States. 

all the rights enjoyed by Englishmen at home, and they 
soon began to exercise tliem. 

They Begin to Make Their Own Laws. — It was only 
twelve years after the planting of the colony, that the Vir- 
ginia House of Burgesses — something like the Legislatures 
now — met at Jamestown in 1619, and from that time it 
watched over the liberties of each citizen of the colony. 
King James was growing very tyrannical in England, and 
many of his subjects came over to Virginia, where they 
thought they would have more freedom. 

Bringing in of African Slaves, 1619. — Two cargoes, 
of which I must tell you, were brought to Virginia in 
this year. One brought a number of young English 
women for wives for the settlers. Any man who wished to 
marry one of the girls paid one hundred and fifty pounds 
of tobacco for her traveling expenses. A Dutch ship also 
brought twenty negroes from Africa and sold them to the 
planters on James River. 

Slavery Universal Then. — In those days slavery was 
practiced everywhere. The Spaniards had made slaves of 
the natives in the West Indies, and when they found the 
Indians of little use they brought the negroes from Africa. 
This was very profitable, and the English brought thou- 
sands of Africans and sold them to the Spaniards. Even 
the English Queen took part in this slave trade. White 
people were also sold as slaves for a certain number of 
years. 

Pocahontas Becomes a Christian. — Pocahontas had 
nothing to do with the white people for some time after 
Captain John Smith left Virginia, but she was captured 
and taken as a prisoner to Jamestown. She became a 
Christian, and was baptized and given the name Rebecca. 

She Marries and Dies in London. — She afterwards 
married one of the EnoHshmen — Mr. John Rolfe — who took 
her to London. The King and Queen and the people of 
London made a great fuss over her. 

You may see in the State Capitol in Richmond, Vir- 
ginia, a portrait copied from one taken of " The Lady 



Primary History of the United States. 31 

Rebecca " when she was in London. Qneen Victoria sent 
this portrait to the State of Virginia. Pocahontas died 
near London, leaving one little son. 

Result of Her Marriage. — The marriage of their princess 
with an Englishman made peace between the Indians and 
the white men as long as old King Powhatan lived. After 
his death, his brother laid a plan to kill all the English on 
the same day. 

First Massacre, 1622. — The colonists lived scattered 
about on their plantations, and the Indians were free to 
go and come where they pleased. This made it easy for 
them to get among the whites, who did not dream of any 
danger. Suddenly, on the twenty-second of March, 1622, 
the Indians rose up at noon, and began to butcher the 
whites. Before any resistance could be made, three hun- 
dred and forty-seven of the colonists, men, women and 
children, were slain with great cruelty. 

Second Massacre, 1644. — This massacre alarmed the 
whites so much that the Assembly passed a law forbidding 
any peace to be made with the Indians. For over twenty 
years matters remained quiet between them. Then Ope- 
cancanough, who had lived to be a hundred years old, stirred 
up the red men to another massacre. There were more 
white people in the colony, and five hundred of them were 
murdered before any successful resistance could be made. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. How many white people did Smith leave at Jamestown? 

2. What happened to them within a year after he left? 

3. What two small vessels came to Jamestown in the meantime? 

4. Where did the colonists intend to go? 

5. Who turned them back? 

6. Who gave each settler land for his own? 

7. What plant did the settlers most cultivate? 

8. What rights did the colonists in Virginia possess? 

9. When did they begin to make their own laws? 

10. Why did many Englishmen come over to Virginia at this time? 

11. How were wives provided for the colonists? 

12. When were negro slaves brought over to Virginia? 

13. Where was slavery practiced at that time? 

14. Who had the Spaniards made slaves of in the West Indies? 



32 



Primary History of the United States. 



What nation brought African slavCvS to the Spaniards? 
Tell about Pocahontas after John Smith left? 
Whom did she marry, and where did she die? 
Where may you see a portrait of her? 

What effect did her marriage have on the Indians and white 
people? 

20. When was the first Indian massacre? 

21. How many white people were killed then? 

22. When was the second massacre? 

23. How many were killed in it? 



Settlement of 
ginia. 



BLACKBOARD FORM— CHAPTERS II, III, IV. 



f 1606. North America, from Florida to Delaware, 
given to Virginia Company. 

North America, from New Jersey to Maine, given 
j to Plymouth Company. 

1607. First English settlement at Jamestown, 
Virginia. 

Captain John Smith the leading spirit in the 
colony. 

American Indiaps all alike in appearance, and 
all cruel and treacherous. 

Smith's courage and coolness give him influence 
among them. 

Pocahontas saved his life and protected the 
colony. 

She became a Christian and married an Eng- 
lishman. 

The colony suffered from sickness, from the In- 
dians, and for want of food. 

In the Starving Time all died but sixty. 

Lord Delaware kept them from going back to 
England. 

Governor Dale gave the settlers land for their 
own. 

Much tobacco was planted. 

1619. Virginians made their own laws. 

African slaves brought to Virginia by the Dutch. 

English wives brought over. 

1622. First Indian massacre. 
[ 1644. Second Indian massacre. 



Vir- 



Primary History of the United States. 



33 



CHAPTER V. 

THE DUTCH IN NEW YORK — SETTLEMENT OF NEW 

ENGLAND. 

Henry Hudson, 1609. — Two years after the founding 
of Jamestown, a bold Dutch captain, Henry Hudson, sailed 
across the Atlantic into New York harbor and went up 
the broad river which bears his name, hoping to find his 
way with his good ship ^^ Half-moon ^''^ into the Pacific 
Ocean. The Dutch then settled a colony on the island 
where the city of New York now stands, and called the 



«* 




li* = ' 




'^if\ 




% 


\ / 




■p^mJ^ 




^^^^S 




'^^^^^- 



THK HALF-MOON ON THK HUDSON, 1609. 

country New Netherland. Other Dutch settlements were 
made in New York, New Jersey and Delaware. 

Dutch Settlers. — These Dutch settlers were thrifty and 
prosperous, and as they brought over without charge all 
who wished to join them, their numbers soon increased. 
They traded with the Indians for furs, and even went up the 
Connecticut Valley for that purpose. At first they had 
peace with the Indians, but, after a while, when the sav- 
ages had learned to drink rum, — "fire-water," they called 
it — strife arose between them, and both white and red men 
murdered and destroyed each other. 



34 



Primary History of the United States. 



Swedes in Delaware. — Settlers came from Sweden also. 
They made their home in Delaware, which they called New 
Sw^eden. They were industrious and successful in culti- 
vating the soil, but they were a peaceful, submissive folk, 
and soon fell under the power of the Dutch. 

Second English Colony, 1620. — The second English 
colony in America was planted in Massachusetts in 1620, a 
whole year after the House of Burgesses made the first 
American laws in Virginia. Captain John Smith had 




MANHATTAN ISLAND. 



visited and made a map of the Northeastern coast, and had 
named it New England. 

The Pilgrims at Plymouth. — This second set of colo- 
nists were Puritans, who greatly disliked the Church of 
England, and left their homes that they might worship 
God as they pleased. They went first to Holland, and 
then came to America, in a little ship called " The Mayr 
flower'^ On account of these wanderings they called 
themselves " Pilgrims." They wanted to come to 
New Jersey, but a storm drove them farther north, and 
they landed at Plymouth, Massachusetts, on December it, 
1620. 



Primary History of the Ujiited States. 35 

Sufferings of the Pilgrims. — The weather was very cold, 
and the poor Pilgrims suffered so much that before spring 
half of them had died. They brought their wives and 
their children with them, and, like the Jamestown settlers, 
they had a brave soldier, Captain Miles Standish, to defend 
them. 

No Trouble with Indians. — Unlike the Virginians, they 
had at first no trouble with Indians. Some deadly sickness 
had killed the coast tribes off, and the white men often 
found their wigwams with no inhabitants, but with sup- 
plies of food which saved them from starving. A year after 
settling at Plymouth, the English made a treaty of peace 
with the Indians nearest them, the Wampanoags. This 
treaty was not broken for fifty years. Massasoit, the chief 
of these Indians, showed the colonists how to plant corn, 
and was very friendly with them. 

Puritans Come to New England. — King Charles I., of 
PvUgland, was more tyrannical than his father, and chose 
that all his subjects should worship God just as he did. 
So the Puritans, to get away from him and the English 
services which they bitterly hated, came by hundreds and 
thousands to New England, and founded Boston, Salem and 
other places in Massachusetts, and made settlements also 
in Connecticut, New Hampshire and Maine. Though 
King Charles was an unreasonable tyrant, he granted char- 
ters to these various colonies under which they enjoyed con- 
siderable liberty. 

Character of the Puritans. — These Puritan colonists 
were brave, hardy, industrious people who led Christian 
lives, but they were men of a hard spirit and thought 
nobody right but themselves. They thought they came to 
America to gain "freedom to worship God." But they 
soon showed that they would allow no freedom to any one 
to worship in any way but their own. Indeed no one was 
to share their liberty who differed from them in any way. 

Their Intolerance. — They sent back to England some 
members of the English Church who came to Massachu- 
setts. At first they permitted all freemen to take part in 



36 Primary History of the United States. 

making the laws, but afterwards forbade any man to vote 
who was not a member of one of the Churches. The 
ministers now became very important and took great part 
in the government. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. What is this chapter about? 

2. V^ho was Henry Hudson? 

3. When did he sail up the Hudson River? 

4. What did he expect to find? 

5. Where was the first Dutch colony settled? 

6. Where did they make other settlements? 

7. What sort of people were the Dutch settlers? 

8. What made strife between them and the English? 

9. Where did the Swedes settle? 

10. When and where was the second English colony settled in 

America? 

11. Who gave the name New England to the northeastern coast? 

12. Why did the Puritans leave England? 

13. Why did they call themselves Pilgrims? 

14. In what ship did they come to America, and where did the}' land? 

15. Tell of their sufferings. 

16. Why did they have no trouble with the Indians? 

17. Who showed them how to plant corn? 

18. Why did many Puritans flock to New England? 

19. What towns did they found in Massachusetts? 

20. In what other States did they make settlements? 

21. What sort of charters did King Charles give these colonists? 

22. What was the character of the Puritans? 

23. How did they think everyone should worship God? 

24. Who were the only people who could vote? 

25. Find the places on the map. 



BLACKBOARD FORM— CHAPTER V. 



'■{ 



T» + V. c ffi f I Dutch came to New York. 

Duten settlements, 1 g^^^i^^^ ^^^ Manhattan Island, in New Jersey and 
^^°9- i Delaware. 

Pilgrims landed at Plymouth, Massachusetts, 

1620. 
Suffered from sickness and exposure, but had no 

trouble with the Indians, 
Second English J Puritans came over and settled Massachusetts, 
Colony, 1620. I Connecticut, New Hampshire and Maine. 

Brave, industrious, upright, but intolerant and 

uncharitable. 
Permitted no one to vote who did not worship as 

they did. 



Primary History of the United States. 



37 



CHAPTER VI. 



RHODE ISLAND AND MARYLAND. 

Roger Williams. — One young Puritan preacher, Roger 
Williams of Salem, said that the magistrates had nothing 
to do with a man's religious opinions ; that their business 
was to protect him and his property, and not to regulate 
his soul. The other Puritans took such offence at this 
that Roger Williams had to make his escape from their 
power. 

Beginning of Rhode Island. — He went through the snow 
to some friendly Indians south of Salem, where he was 
joined by some of his followers, and made a settlement at a 
point in Rhode Island which he called Providence. Not 
long after going to the Indians, Williams became a Baptist. 
After a while he got a charter from England which gave 
the settlers in Rhode Island a good deal of liberty. 

Mistress Anne Hutchinson. — Another person whom 
the Puritans drove out of Massachusetts was Mistress Anne 
Hutchinson. She had some 
queer notions, and said that 
God told her what He had 
not told any body else. 
She would preach and tell 
the people what she 
thought. There were many 
quarrels about her, but, at 
last, she and her disciples 
were expelled from the , km^mt W I 

colony. Mrs. Hutchinson Y W^ m i , 

was afterwards killed bv - — -* 

the Indians. ^ thk hidden i-oh. 

Indian Cruelty in the Connecticut Valley, — When the 
English settled in the Connecticut V^alley they found the 




38 Primary History of the United States. 

Indians there very hostile and crnel. These savages did 
all they could to destroy the white people. They would 
hide themselves and murder the colonists as they went to 
their work, or plowed in their fields. Sometimes they 
burned them to death, and tortured them in horrid ways. 

Massacre of the Pequots by the Puritans, 1637. — 
The Pequots did so many barbarous deeds that at last the 
white men banded together and attacked the Pequot fort 
near Stonington. There were seven hundred Indians 
there, and the whites killed all of them but five. This 
bloody massacre terrified the Indians, and for thirty years 
they did not trouble the white people in New England. 

Lord Baltimore in Maryland. — You have seen that 
Virginia was settled by Knglish Churchmen, and New 
England by English Puritans. The next English colony 
was given by King Charles I. to Lord Baltimore. He was 
a devout Roman Catholic, and established a settlement 
of men of his faith in the region which he called Mary's 
land after the King's wife. 

Religious Freedom in Maryland. — Lord Baltimore was 
a very liberal man, and he allowed all Christian people 
to come into his colony, and worship as they pleased. His 
colonists came over in the Dove and the Ark^ and called 
themselves the " Pilgrims of St. Mary's." 

Ships of the First Settlers. — It will be well for you to 
remember the names of the ships which brought the first 
white settlers to our country. The Sitsan Constant^ the 
Godspeed and the Discovery to Virginia ; the Mayfloiver to 
Massachusetts ; the Dove and the Ark to Maryland, and 
also the Half-7noo7i with its sturdy Dutchmen to New York. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. Who was Roger Williams? 

2. How did he offend the Puritans? 

3. Where did he go to escape them? 

4. What settlement did he make? 

5. What Church did he then join? 

6. What did Mistress Anne Hutchinson believe? 

7. How did the Puritans punish her? 



Prwiary History of the United States. 39 

8. What did the Indians in the Connecticut Valley do to the white 

people? 

9. How did the whites punish the Pequots? 

10. What effect did this massacre have? 

11. Who settled the colony of Maryland? 

12. After whom did he name it? 

13. To what Church did he belong? 

14. How did he treat all other Christian people? 

15. What ships brought the first colonists to Virginia? 

16. What to Massachusetts? 

17. To Maryland? 

18. To New' York? 

19. Where is Rhode Island? 

20. The Connecticut Valley? Stonington? Maryland? 



40 



Primary History of tlie United States. 



CHAPTER VII. 

CROMWElvIv FAVORS NEW ENGLAND. 

"Why the Puritans came to New England. — There was 
great strife in England between the King and the Parli- 
ament which was 
mostly made up of 
Puritans. While it 
went on, the Puri- 
tans came in large 
numbers to New 
England, and the 
colonies there b e- 
came very flourish- 
ing. At last, the 
Parliament took the 
King a prisoner, and 
cut off his head in 
1649. His friends 
^ fell into disgrace, and 
now many of them 
came over to Vir- 
/It/ ginia. 

Oliver Cromwell. 

England was then 
^-^r--. for nearly ten years 
governed by Oliver 
Cromwell, who was 
called the Eord Pro- 
tector and who was 

SPEAKER'S CHAIR, HOUSE OF BURGKSSSS, 1700. ^ glCat aUCl gOOQ 

ruler. He was very 
favorable to New England, and granted it many privi- 
leges. The Virginians loved the King, and only sub- 
mitted to Cromwell and the Parliament because they had 




Primary History of the United States. 



41 



no strength to resist them. From this loyalty to the King 
Virginia was called the Ancient Dominion, or Old Dominion. 
Intolerance of the Puritans. — Four of the New Eng- 
land colonies had banded together to resist the French on 
the North, the Dutch on the West, and the Indians in their 
midst, who now and then became threatening. This union 
made them much stronger, and able to be more stern and 
intolerant. They would not permit Rhode Island to join 




>TUL KS AND PIIJ.OKV. 

their confederacy. They refused to allow any liberty to 
Presbyterians or members of the Church of England. 

Cruelty towards Quakers. — They not only drove the 
peaceable, harmless Quakers out of their colonies, but 
when some of them persisted in coming back and preach- 
ing their peculiar doctrines, they flogged them, put them 
in jail, burned them with hot irons, and wound up by hang- 
ing both men and women. The preachers themselves en- 
couraged these cruel acts. 



42 



Primary History of the United States. 



Charles II. and New England. — Oliver Cromwell died 
in 1658, and in 1660 Charles II. was restored to the Eng- 
lish throne. He was not a tyrant like his father, but was 
too dissipated and selfish to be a good ruler. He was quite 
kind to New England, and gave good charters to Connecti- 
cut and Rhode Island. Massachusetts had always been 
very bitter against the King and had sheltered two of the 
men who had cut off his father's head. This, the King, 
of course, resented, and when Massachusetts disobeyed his 
orders he took the charter from her 
and made her a royal province. 

Charles II. Unkind to Virginia. 
— You may think that the King- 
would be especially kind to Vir- 
ginia, where the people had been so 
loyal to him, but he was not. He 
made Sir William Berkeley Gov- 
ernor of the colony, and encouraged 
him and others to oppress the 
people very much. The new Par- 
liament in England made laws 
which were very injurious to the 
colonies. They would not allow 
any trade to be carried on except in 
English ships, and to English ports. 
The Colonies Taxed Unjustly. — 
One of the rights which the people 
of the colonies most prized, especi- 
ally in Virginia and Massachusetts, 
was to lay their own taxes, and to 
say how the money raised by them 
should be spent. England now interfered with this right, 
and herself imposed heavy taxes upon the American 
colonists. In Virginia, these taxes were to be paid in 
tobacco, which was the principal crop, and was used as 
currency. 

How the Virginians Resisted the Taxes. — When the 
planters found they could not get out of paying the unjust 




OLD STOVE- 
TOL, 



-STATE CAPI- 
1770. 



Primary Histojy of the United States. 43 

English taxes in any other way, they stopped planting 
tobacco, prefering rather to be poor than to submit to the 
meddling with their rights. The Virginia House of Bur- 
gesses under Governor Berkeley, instead of standing up for 
the liberties of the people, helped the Governor to trample 
on them for fourteen }'ears. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. Why did the Puritans come in large numbers to New England? 

2. When did the Parliament cut off Charles I. 's head. 

3. Where did many of the King's friends come after his death? 

4. Who governed England for ten j^ears? 

5. What sort of a ruler was he? 

6. Which of the colonies did he favor? 

7. Why was Virginia called the Ancient or Old Dominion? 

8. Why did the New England colonies band together? 

9. Which colony did they keep out of this union? 

10. How did they treat members of other churches? 

11. Tell of their cruelty towards the Quakers. 

12. When was Charles II. restored to the English throne? 

13. Why was he not a good ruler? 

14. To which of the New England colonies did he give good charters? 

15. Why did he dislike and ill-treat Massachusetts? 

16. Was he very kind to his loyal subjects in Virginia? 

17. How did he encourage the 'Governor to treat the people? 

18. How did Parliament interfere with the trade of the colonies? 

19. What right did the people of the colonies highly prize? 

20. How did England interfere with this right? 

21. How were the taxes to be paid in Virginia? 

22. How did the Virginians resist the tax? 

23. How long did the House of Burgesses and Governor Berkeley 

trample on the liberties of the people? 



BLACKBOARD FORM-CHAPTERvS VI, VII. 

,^ , J . r Lord Baltimore settled Maryland and granted 

Maryland, 1634. | religious freedom. 

r Roger Williams, driven from Massachusetts, 
Rhode Island, 1636 | founded Rhode Island. 

( Indians became very cruel in New England. 
t Pequot massacre caused peace for thirty years. 
' Puritans drove Mistress Anne Hutchinson away. 
Persecuted and murdered the Quakers. 
Hated the English King and Church. 
Oliver Cromwell favored New England. 
Charles II. unkind both to Massachusetts and 

Virginia. 
Colonies taxed unjustly. 
Virginians would not plant tobacco to be taxed. 



1637 



1649. 
1660. 



44 Primarv History of the United States. 



CHAPTER VIII. 

OTHER COLONIES, NEW JERSEY, NORTH CAROLINA, SOUTH 
CAROLINA, PENNSYLVANIA, GEORGIA. 

America Given Away by the English Kings. — I have 
told you how King Charles's grandfather gave great tracts 
of land to the Virginia and Plymouth Companies, and how 
his father Charles I. gave part of the territory of Virginia 
to Lord Baltimore. 

How King Charles II. Gave the Colonies Away. — 
King Charles II. now set to work and gave away enormous 
regions which already belonged to other people. To his 
brother the Duke of York he gave the country between the 
Kennebec and St. Croix Rivers, and all that between the 
Connecticut and the Delaware. This region, you remember, 
had been settled by the Dutch, who had a flourishing col- 
ony called New Amsterdam on Manhattan Island. 

The EngUsh Seize New York. — The Duke of York 
sent out English warships to attack the Dutch. New 
England furnished soldiers to help him. A good many 
English emigrants had settled among the Dutch, and when 
the English forces appeared in the harbor at New Amster- 
dam, there was no resistance made to them. The whole 
Dutch possessions passed into the power of the English, 
and New Amsterdam became New York. 

New Jersey Formed. — The colony of New Jersey was 
formed out of the territory south of New York, and the 
whole Atlantic coast belonged to the English. 

Great Gift to Lord Culpeper. — King Charles now pro- 
ceeded to give to Lord Culpeper, one of his favorites, all 
that part of Virginia between the Potomac and the Rap- 
pahannock Rivers, which was already owned and settled 
by numbers of Englishmen. He then gave another lord 
all the dominion of land and water called Virginia for 
thirty-one years. 




Primary History of the United States. 45 

Establishment of North and South Carolina. — The 

region which now composes North and South Carolina, 
part of which belonged to Spain and part to the Virginia 
Company, was bestowed by the King upon a company of 
his friends, as far west as the Pacitic Ocean. A good many 
white people from Virginia and the Northern colonies had 
already settled in North Carolina, and innnigration was 
encouraged to it and to South Carolina also. 

Beginning of Pennsylvania, 1681. — Another colony 
owed its beginning also to Charles II., but 
not as a gift. The Duke of York had sold 
wliat is now the State of Delaware to 
some Quakers, and the King made a grant 
to William Penn, another Quaker, of the 
land west of the Delaware which now 
forms the State of Pennsylvania. William 
Penn's father had lent King Charles a 
large sum of money, and the King paid 
his debt by this grant of land, which he william penn. 
said must be named Pennsylvania, or Penn's Forests. 

William Penn's Peaceable Dealings with the In- 
dians. — The Quakers are a peace-loving people, and William 
Penn desired to avoid quarrels and strife with the Indians. 
He therefore held a council with the Indian chiefs, at a 
place which is now in the city of Philadelphia, and agreed 
to pa\- them for the land and to be friends with them. 

Treaty with the Indians. — The Indians were very 
much pleased with the kind w^ords of their " white broth- 
ers," and signed the treaty offered them, after which they 
all smoked " the pipe of peace." Penn then had a city laid 
out and called it Philadelphia, or Brotherly Love. Some 
day you may see the white marble monument which marks 
the spot where his treaty was made. 

Settlement of Georgia, 1733. — Georgia, the last of the 
thirteen English Colonies in America, was not settled until 
fifty years after this time. 

Character of the Huguenots. — English, Scotch and 
Germans came to the Colonies in considerable numbers. 



46 Primary History of the United States. 

Perhaps the most important immigration was that of the 
French Protestants, Huguenots as they were called. Thou- 
sands of these came to America seeking refuge from perse- 
cution. Some of them settled in Virginia and the more 
northern colonies, but by far the greatest number came to 
South Carolina, where they established themselves on the 
Ashley and Cooper Rivers. They were excellent people, 
upright, sincere, courteous and thrifty, and their descend- 
ants have no superiors in our whole country. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. Who had given land to the Virginia and Plymouth Companies? 

2. Who to Lord Baltimore? 

3. What regions did Charles II. now give to his brother, the Duke of 

York? 

4. Who had settled the southern part of it? 

5. Where was New Amsterdam? 

6. How did the Duke of York take possession of it? 

7. How did he change the name of New Amsterdam? 

8. What was formed out of the territory south of New York? 

9. What great gift did King Charles make to Lord Culpeper? 

10. Did this land belong to the King? 

11. What did he do with the whole of Virginia for thirty-one years? 

12. To whom did he give North and South Carolina? 

13. To whom did that country already belong? 

14. Were there any white people in North Carolina? 

15. Who founded Pennsylvania? 

16. Why did the King let William Penn have that region? 

17. Why was it called Pennsylvania? 

18. How did William Penn avoid quarrels and strife with the Indians? 

19. Tell of the treaty he made with them. 

20. What now marks the spot where the treaty was made? 

21. What did Penn call the city he laid out? 

22. Which was the last of the English colonies in America? 

23. When was it settled? 

24. Who were the Huguenots? 

25. Why did they come to America? 

26. Where did the greatest number of them settle? 

27. What sort of people were they? 

28. Where is the Kennebec River? The vSt. Croix? The Connecti- 

cut? The Delaware? 

29. Where is Manhattan Island? 

30. Where is the Potomac River? The Rappahannock? 

31. Where is North Carolina? Delaware? Pennsylvania? Phil 
adelphia? Georgia? The Ashley River? The Cooper River? 



Primary History of the United States. 47 



BLACKBOARD FORM-CHAPTER VIII. 

f English king gave America away more than once. 
Charles II. gave the Carolinas to a set of his 
t favorites. 

Establishment of f Gave the Dutch possessions to his brother, the 
New York, New j Duke of York. 

Jersey and Dela- '\ New York, New Jersey and Delaware formed 
ware, 1674, [ from them. 

{Granted Pennsylvania to William Penn in pa} - 
ment of a debt. 
William Penn made a treaty with the Indians. 



Gave part of Virginia to Lord Culpeper. 
All of it to another man for thirty years. 
Many people came from Europe to the colonies. 
The Huguenots excellent settlers. 



48 Primary History of the United States. 



CHAPTER IX. 

bacon's rebellion INDIAN WARFARE IN VIRGINIA AND 

NEW ENGLAND. 

Governor Berkeley's Tyranny. — I have told you that 
Charles had placed a tyrannical governor over Virginia. 
Because the Virginia people would not quietly submit to 
injustice and oppression, Governor Berkeley became more 
and more unreasonable. One of the members of the 
Council who opposed his arbitrary measures was a fine 
young Englishman named Nathaniel Bacon, against whom 
Berkeley took a great dislike. 

Virginians Lived in the Country. — The Virginians did 
not crowd togetlier in towns as the people of the New Eng- 
land colonies did. Their chief occupation was planting 
tobacco, and they lived scattered about on their planta- 
tions, along the river banks. 

Hostile Indians Attack the Settlers. — Since the massa- 
cres under Opecancanough they had little trouble with 
the Indians living near them. But more hostile Indians 
came down from the mountains, and others crossed over 
from Maryland, who attacked and alarmed the colonists 
greatly. Governor Berkeley did nothing to protect the 
whites, and they found they nnist take their defence in 
their own hands. 

Berkeley W^ill Not Give Bacon a Commission. — An at- 
tack upon Bacon's plantation decided him to take up arms 
against the Indians. He was so brave and active, that the 
other Virginians at once chose liim for their leader, and 
asked Governor Berkeley to give him a commission to com- 
mand them. Berkeley refused to do it. 

Bacon Marches Without One. — The Indians were so 
threatening that the whites could not wait until the gov- 
ernor mieht be in a better humor, so a number of them 



Primary History of the United States. 49 

marched with Bacon to meet the savages, and gave them 
severe punishment. The governor was so much enraged at 
Bacon's going against the Indians that he said the men who 
went with him should be severely punished. 

Berkeley Forced to Allow a New Assembly. — The 
people of Virginia showed such opposition to the gover- 
nor, that he w^as obliged to dissolve the tyrannical i\ssembly 
and allow another one to be elected. Bacon was made a 
uiember of this new Assembly, which at once set about 
repealing bad laws and making good ones. 

Promises Bacon a Commission. — Governor Berkele\' 
would scarcely agree to any thing they did, and would 
not permit Bacon to take his seat until he asked pardon 
for his disobedience. This Bacon did, and the governor 
then promised a commission to him and to send him against 
the Indians. 

Bacon Obtains His Commission. — Instead of keeping 
this promise the Governor laid a plan to have Bacon killed. 
The Indians were again committing great outrages, and 
four hundred men joined Bacon to go against them. They 
went first "to Jamestown and asked for the commission, 
wdiich the governor found himself obliged to sign. 

Berkeley's Hatred of Bacon. — x-ls soon as Bacon and 
his men had gone to fight the Indians, Berkeley's rage 
burst forth. He proclaimed Bacon a rebel and a traitor, 
and said the commission was a worthless one. Bacon 
hearing of this turned back to force Governor Berkeley to 
take back his abuse and confirm his commission. 

The People Side with Bacon. — All the men in that part 
of Virginia sided with Bacon, so the governor did not wail 
for his coming, but got into a ship and sailed across the 
Chesapeake to Accomac, taking- with him all the powde- 
and shot the Virginians had stored away for their 
defence. 

The Virginians Depose Berkeley. — The men of Vir- 
ginia then came together, and declared that Berkeley had 
given up his office by going away, and was no longer 
governor. 



50 Primary History of the United States. 

Acts of Bacon's Convention. — A convention met which 
took an oath to protect Bacon and join him against the 
Indians. They signed a paper stating how they were 
oppressed by the navigation laws, the unjust taxes, and 
their want of protection against the Indians, and said if 
the king sent soldiers against them because Berkeley had 
declared them rebels and traitors, they would resist those 
soldiers until the king learned the true state of affairs. 
This was in 1676, a hundred years before another Decla- 
ration of Independence was drawn up by another young 
Virginian. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. What is this chapter about? 

2. How did Governor Berkeley continue to treat the Virginians? 

3. Why did he take a great dislike to Nathaniel Bacon? 

4. Why did the Virginians live in the country and not in towns? 

5. What Indians now came and attacked the colonists? 

6. Did Governor Berkeley do anything to protect them? 

7. Why did Bacon take up arms against the Indians? 

8. What did the Virginians ask Governor Berkeley to give him? 

9. Did the governor do it? 

10. Did Bacon wait for this commission? 

11. What made Governor Berkeley very angry? 

12. How was the governor obliged to yield to the people? 

13. Who was made a member of the new Assembly? 

14. What did this Assembly at once begin to do? 

15. What was Bacon forced to do before he could take his seat? 

16. What did Governor Berkeley then promise him? 

17. Did he keep his promise? 

18. How was he obliged to sign the commission? '" 

19. How did he show his rage when Bacon and hi« men went-te fight 

the Indians? 

20. What did Bacon do when he heard of this? 

21. Did the people side with Bacon or the governor? 

22. Where did the governor go? 

23. What did he take with him? 

24. Why did the Virginians say he was no longer governor? 

25. What did the convention which then met take an oath to do? 

26. What did they complain of in the paper they signed? 

27. What did they say they would do if the king sent soldiers against 

them as rebels and traitors? 

28. How long was this before the Declaration of Independence? 

29. Where is Accomac? 



Primaiy History of the United States, 51 



CHAPTER X. 

END OF bacon's REBELLION — INDIAN WARS IN NEW 

ENGLAND. 

Bacon Defeats the Indians. — After this Bacon went 
against the Indians, and defeated them so completely at 
" Bloody Run " near Richmond that they never did any 
more fighting in Virginia. 

Bacon's Men Burn Jamestown. — Berkeley collected 
an army in Accomac and came back against Bacon and 
his "rebels." Bacon's men burned the city of Jamestown 
to keep the governor from taking possession of it. 

Bacon's Death. — In the midst of the turmoil and fight- 
ing Bacon died of a fever. He was secretly buried by his 
friends, to prevent his enemies from illtreating his body, 
and no man knows where his grave is. Berkeley then 
hunted down Bacon's followers, and hung twenty-two of 
them. 

Strife Between the Planters and the Governors. — 
The Virginians were more oppressed after this by Berk- 
eley's successors, who tried to get money from them in 
every way. But the planters showed themselves ingen- 
ious in resisting and disobeying their obnoxious laws. 

Indian Wars in New England. — The white people in 
New England had great trouble with the Indians, about 
this time. The colonists in Massachusetts had some years 
before taken sides with the Mohegan Indians against the 
Narragansett tribe in Rhode Island, and had helped Uncas, 
the Mohegan chief, to slay Miantonomo, chief of the Nar- 
ragansetts. 

John Eliot, Missionary to the Indians. — Much had 
been done to make Christians of these Indians. John 
Eliot, a good and learned man, had translated the Bible 
into their language, Many other missionaries joined him, 



52 Primary History of the United States. 

and there were four thousand " praying Indians " in Massa- 
chusetts, when the last serious trouble occurred there. 

King Philip's War, 1675. — As the white people be- 
came more numerous and stronger the Indians grew jealous 
of them. They knew how to use firearms now, and could 
fight on equal terms. Philip, king of the Wampanoags, 
the son of Massasoit, who had been such a friend of the 
Pilgrims, became the leader in a bloody war in the summer 
of 1675. 

Canonchet Joins Philip. — Canonchet, the Narragansett 
chief, had never forgiven the whites for the murder of his 
father, Miantonomo, and he joined in the war. The Nip- 
mucks in the Connecticut Valley took it up, and there were 
murders and burnings and torturings all through New 
England. It was a dreadful time, for no man's home or 
life was safe from the savage red men. 

The Whites Destroy the Indians and Sell Them. — The 
white people attacked the Narragansetts in Rhode Island 
and destroyed almost all the tribe. Philip and Canonchet 
were slain at different times and their followers either killed 
or captured. Among the prisoners was Philip's little son, 
nine years old. The whites carried this child and their 
other captives to the West Indies and sold them for slaves. 
This defeat broke the Indian power in southern New 
England, but in Maine they continued their savage warfare. 

QUESTIONS. 

T. Where did Bacon defeat the Indians? 

2. Why did his men burn Jamestown? 

3. How did Bacon die? 

4. Why did his friends bury him secretly? 

5. How did Berkeley treat Bacon's followers? ^ 

6. How did the governors after Berkeley treat Virginians? 

7. Did the planters submit to them? 

8. Where was the great trouble with the Indians at this time? 

9. Which tribe did the colonists take sides with? 
10. Whom did they help Uncas to slay? 

IT. Who was John Eliot? 

12. What did he do to make Christians of the Indians? 

13. How manv "praying Indians" were there in Massachusetts? 

14. Why did the Indians grow jealous of the white people? 



Primary History of the United States. 



S2> 



15. Who was the leader of a blood}- war in 1675? 

16. Why did Canonchet join Philip? 

17. Where did the Nipmucks live? 

18. Why was it a dreadful time in New England? 

19. What did the white people do to the Narragansetts? 

20. What became of Philip and Canonchet? 

21. Who was one of the prisoners? 

22. What did the white men do with'him and the other captives? 

23. What effect did this defeat have in southern New England? 

24. Where did the Indians continue to fight? 



BLACKBOARD FORM— CHAPTERS IX, X. 



Bacon's Rebellion, 
1676. 



King Philip's War, 
1675- 



Governor Berkeley would not protect Virginia 
against Indians. 

Virginians forced him to give Bacon a com- 
mission to do it. 

Bacon defeated the Indians, and marched 
against Berkeley, who called him a rebel. 

Berkeley ran away to Accomac, and raised an 
■{ army. 

Virginians took Bacon's part, deposed Berkeley, 
held a convention and made new laws. 

Berkeley came back to fight Bacon. 

Bacon's men burned Jamestown to prevent 
Berkeley taking possession of it. 

Bacon died of fever and was buried secretly. 
L Berkeley hung twenty-two of his followers. 

f John Eliot and others taught the Indians and 

I made Christians of many. 

{ Another bloody war. 

j The whites triumphed. 

I Philip and Canonchet were slain, and their 

[ followers sold as slaves. 



PERIOD I— BLACKBOARD REVIEW. 
DISCOVERY AND SETTLEMENT— CHAPTERS I-X. 



f America, by Columbus, 1492. 
I Pacific Ocean, by Balboa, 15 13. 
Spanish Discov- I Florida, by Ponce de Leon, 1513. 

eries. | Mexico, by Hernando Cortez, 15 19. 

I Magellan's ship goes round the world, 1519-22. 
t Mississippi, by Ferdinand de Soto, 1542. 



54 



Primary History of the United States. 



English D i s c o V 
eries. 



by John Cabot, 
by Sebastian Cabot, 



' Newfoundland, or Labrador 
1497. 

Mar3dand and Virginia 
1498. 

Virginia, by Sir Humphrey Gilbert, 1584 

Virginia at Jamestown, 1607. 

New England, 1620. 

Maryland, 1634. 

The Carolinas, 1663. 
[ Pennsylvania, 1681. 

America named after Amerigo 
wrote a book about it. 



French Discoveries. | Canada, by Jacques Cartier. 



Vespucci, who 



Settle- 
ments. 



Indians. 



f Dutch 
Settle- 
ments. 
} Swedish 
I Settle- 
[ ment. 



Character of 
tiers. 



Self-government. 



Slavery. 



Set- 



New York, 1609. 
New Jersey. 

-! Delaware. 

f Everywhere treacherous and cruel. 

I Pocahontas saves John Smith's life and the Vir- 

\ ginia colony. 

I Massacre of whites in Virginia, 1622, 1644. 

t Pequots massacred in New England, 1637. 

f Puritans worshiped God after their own way, 
and thought everyone else wrong. 
Were grave, bigoted, and persecuted those who 

differed with them. 
Virginians worshiped God after the manner of the 
Church of England, and did not meddle 
with other people. 
Virginia people lived in the country. 
\ Other colonists lived in town and in the country. 

f First House of Burgesses elected in Virginia, 

1619. 
I New England governed only by church mem- 
J bers and preachers. 

Colonies claimed the right as Englishmen to 

lay their own taxes and say how the money 
i must be spent. 

Bacon rebelled against Berkeley's tyranny in 

Virginia, 1676. 
Continual strife between the people and the 

royal governors. 

{Introduced by the Dutch, 1619. 
Practiced in all the colonies. 
New England sold the Indians as slaves. 



Primary History of the United States, 55 



PERIOD II. 
CHAPTER XL 

GROWTH AND PROGRESS OF THE COLONIES. 

Twelve Colonies Established. — I have now told yon 
of the beginning of twelve of the American colonies — 
New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecti- 
cut, New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania, 
Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. 

Alike in Some Things, Different in Others. — In manv 
tilings these colonies were alike, in others different. 
There were people from the different countries of Europe 
in each one, but the most of the colonists everywhere 
were English, who spoke the English language and read 
the English Bible, and all loved their liberty and thought 
they had the right to make their own laws and lay their 
own taxes. 

Slavery in the Colonies. — You have read of the Dutch 
bringing African slaves to Jamestown and of the Massa- 
chusetts people selling the Indians to the West Indies. 
Slavery was not then objected to anywhere, and negro 
slaves were found in all the colonies. 

Occupations in New England. — The cold climate 
and poor soil of New England forced the white people 
there to make their livinor in other wavs than bv farmino-, 
so they took to ship-building, to fishing and trading. They 
lived together in towns, and this made it easy for them to 
attend their churches and to have schools for their children. 

Education in the Colonies. — In Virginia, where, as I 
have told you, the planters lived apart to raise their 
crops, it was not possible for the children to attend 
schools. The oldest sons of the rich planters were sent 
to England to be taught and trained. The younger children 



56 Priinaiy History of the United States. 

had to get their teaching at home from their parents or 
tutors. Churches were biiilt where the planters could 
ride to them in good weather, and some of them are still 
standing. 

First and Second Colleges in America. — Before the 
Pilgrims founded Massachusetts, preparations were made 
in Virginia to build a college at Henrico, and to establish 
schools for the white children and for the Indians. The 
dreadful massacres of which you have read put a stop 
to these efforts, and the first college in America was 
founded by John Harvard near Boston in 1636. The 
second American college was established at Williamsburg, 
in Virginia, in 1693, and was called William and Mary, 
after the king and queen, who gave a large sum of money 
to set it going. The third college was Yale, in Connecti- 
cut, founded in 1700. 

Life in the Colonies Between New England and Vir- 
ginia. — Between New England and Virginia, the people 
both built towns and lived on farms, while the settlers 
in the Carolinas lived mostly in the country. 

Solemn Ways of the Puritans. — The New England 
colonists kept up the grave manners and sober dress and 
stern habits of the Puritans. They tried to abolish 
Christmas, and other church festivals ; gave their chil- 
dren Bible names — Benjamin, Timothy, Jonathan, Oba- 
diah, x\bigail, Priscilla, Truth and Patience ; dressed them 
in ugly, prim-looking clothes, cut their hair off that it 
might not curl, and allowed them very little in the way of 
amusement. The Quakers, too, were very solemn, and 
quiet in their dress and habits, and thought everything 
should be done by rule. 

The Southern People More Lively. — In Maryland, 
Virginia and the Carolinas the life of the people was freer 
and brighter. The planters lived in large houses, with 
the cabins of their slaves around them, and showed great 
hospitality to strangers, and to each other. The poorer 
whites welcomed any who came to their humbler dwell- 
ings, and shared with them whatever they had. All 



Primary History of tJie United States. 57 

classes were fond of amusements, and balls, horse-races 
and other sports were encouraged. 

James II. Driven from the Throne. — Charles IT. died 
in 1685, and his brother James II. proved to be such a bad 
king that tlie English people drove him from the throne 
in three years, and put William and Mary there in his 
stead. 

Harm James II. Did to the Colonies. — During his 
short reign James did all the harm he could to the Amer- 
ican colonies. He sent Andros to govern the country 
from Maine to Delaware. Andros was a great tyrant. 
He took the charter from Rhode Island, and was about to 
take away that of Connecticut. 

Story of the Charter Oak. — Night came before the 
matter w^as settled. Suddenly some one blew out the 
candles, and when they were lighted again the charter 
was gone. Captain Wadsworth had stolen it in the dark- 
ness, and hid it in a hollow oak tree, from which it was 
brought in safety when William and ]\Iary came to the 
throne. 

James's Treatment of the Other Colonies. — James 
was friendly to New York and Pennsylvania, but was as 
unkind to Maryland and Virginia as he was to New 
England. He tried to get entire possession of Mary- 
land and illtreated Virginia. When the Assembly insisted 
on protecting the liberties of the people, the king ordered 
it to be dissolved, and put Robert Beverley in prison be- 
cause he led the opposition against oppression. He also 
sent to Virginia and sold into slavery for ten years numbers 
of Englishmen who had opposed him in England. When 
he was deposed the English people everywhere had cause 
to be thankful. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. What twelve colonies have you read of? 

2. How were these colonies all alike? 

3. What were the occupations of the New England people? 

4. Why could not the children in Virginia go to school like those in 

New England? 

5. How were they educated? 



58 



Primary Histojy of the United States. 



6. Tell of the first, second and third colleges in America. 

7. Where did the people in Virginia live? 

8. In New England? 

9. In the other colonies? 

10. Tell of the solemn ways of the Puritans. 

11. How were the Southern people different in character? 
12 How long did the English people let James II. reign? 

13. How did he treat the colonies? 

14. Tell the story of the Charter Oak. 

15. To which colonies was he friendly? 



Colonies alike. 



Different. 



Colleges. 



BLACKBOARD FORM— CHAPTER XI. 

f Were settled in the fear of God. 

J All used the English language. 

I Held slaves. 

[ Thought it their right to govern themselves. 

f New England people lived in towns. 

Had public schools. 
I Were grave and intolerant. 
\ Southern people lived in the country. 

Children were taught at home. 

Were social and gay. 

Middle colonies lived both in town and country. 

Harvard in Massachusetts, 1636. 
William and Mary in Virginia, 1693. 
Yale in Connecticut, 1700. 



Primary History of the United States. 59 

CHAPTER XII. 

DISCOVERIES OF THE FRENCH IN THE NORTH AND WEST. 

Champlain Founds Quebec, 1608. — I told you in the 
first chapter that the French laid claim to Canada. A 
year after the English came to Jamestown, Champlain 
founded the city of Quebec. 

Why Champlain had to go West Instead of South. — 
He proved to be a great explorer. His first expedition was 
with the Huron Indians against the Iroquois in New York. 
In this journey he discovered the lake which bears his name. 
His firearms gained the victory over the Iroquois, who 
never forgave the French for coming against them. Their 
enmity made it unsafe for Champlain to explore their 
country, so he turned his steps westward among tribes which 
were friendly. 

Early French Explorations. — Before the Pilgrims came 
to Plymouth Rock, Champlain and the Jesuit priests, and 
some French traders had visited the Great Lakes, and estab- 
lished mission stations and trading posts among the Indians. 

Desire to Find the Mississippi River. — The accounts 
which the missionaries gave of the great West made the 
governors of Canada eager to take possession of it for 
France. No white man had ever seen the Mississippi 
River since De Soto was buried beneath its waters. 

Discovered by Marquette and Joliet. — Marquette and 
Joliet set out in their canoes to discover it. They floated 
down the Wisconsin River into the Mississippi — " Meche 
Sepe " they called it, — and down as far as Arkansas. Then 
they grew weary and came back to Canada. 

La Salle's Expeditions. — Hearing of the fine country 
which Joliet had seen, the Chevalier La Salle went to 
France and got help from the king to explore the whole 
length of the Mississippi. Father Hennepin was sent to 



6o Pf^tmary History of the U^iited States. 

explore the northern part of the river, while La Salle under- 
took to find its outlet. 

Reaches the Mouth of the River. — After many delays 
and disappointments La Salle, in 1682, reached the mouth 
of the great river, to which he gave the name of " St. 
Louis," and called the whole country through which it 
flowed "Louisiana." Near the mouth of the river La Salle 
planted a cross with the arms of France and took posses- 
sion of all the country through which it flowed for the 
French King. 

Brings Out a French Colony to the Wrong Place. — 
La Salle then went back to France, and got ships, with sol- 
diers and settlers to establish a colony. Unfortunately 
they took a wrong course in the Gulf of Mexico, and landed 
four hundred miles from the Mississippi on the coast of 
Texas. Here the colonists underwent great hardships, and 
La Salle started to bring aid to them from Canada. On the 
way he was murdered by some of his followers, and it was 
left to others to possess the vast territory he had discovered. 

Louisiana Settled. — In 1699, D'Iberville made the first 
settlement in Louisiana at Biloxi, and France maintained 
her claim to the whole Mississippi Valley. 

What the Names of Places Will Tell You. — If you 
look on the map, you can tell where the French priests and 
traders made their way, by the names of the different 
places. St. Louis, St. Mary, St. Francis, and names of. 
other saints show where the missionaries went. Eaii Claire^ 
Prairie du Chien^ and similar titles also point to the early 
French explorers. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. When and by whom was Onebec founded? 

2. Why did he go west instead of south? 

3. How far did he and the priests push their explorations? 

4. Who discovered the northern part of the Mississippi River? 

5. Who went down to its mouth? 

6. To what place did he bring his colony from France? 

7. What became of him? 

8. When and by whom was Ivouisiana settled? 

9. Who claimed the whole of the Mississippi Valley? 
10, What will the names of places there tell you? 



Primary History of the United States. 6i 



BIvACKBOARD FORM— CHAPTER XII. 

f Quebec founded by Champlain, 1608. 

Great Lakes visited by Champlain. 
I Mississippi River partly explored by Marquette 
French Discoveries I , ami Joliet 1673. 
and Settlements. Y c f """l 1 '"'''" "" '^' month 1682. 

I La fealle takes possession of the country for 

France, 1682. 
I Lands his colony in Texas by mistake, 1684. 
[ Louisiana settled by D' Iberville, 1699. 



62 Primary History of the United States. 



CHAPTER XIII. 

SAVAGE INDIAN WARFARE. 

Differences in the English and French Colonies. — 

In 1688, when William and Mary began to reign, there 
were 200,000 white people in the American colonies, 
and about 12,000 in New France. But the English held 
only the narrow territory between the Atlantic and the 
mountains, while France claimed the whole country west 
of the mountains, and had established missions and trading 
posts in various places. All the Indians except the Iro- 
quois, were friendly to the French. 

Cruel Indian Warfare. — War soon broke out between 
France and England, and the French in America stirred 
up the Indians to attack the English colonies. Horrible 
cruelties were practiced during this war and one which 
followed it in Queen Anne's time. 

Massacres and Burnings in New England. — The In- 
dians would steal over the snow on their snowshoes, and 
set fire to the towns and villages at night when all the 
people were asleep, and then butcher those who tried to 
escape from the flames. Sixty people were massacred in 
this way one night at the village of Schenectady. More 
than one hundred were slain at Durham. Sometimes a 
large part of all those living in a town would be put to 
death. 

Both French and Americans Pay for Scalps. — The 
governor of Canada paid for English scalps, and at last the 
colonists had to offer ten pounds for every Indian scalp. 

Story of Mrs. Dustin. — These fightings and cruelties 
kept up for seventy years, and the Southern colonies suf- 
fered from them too. At different times the white people 
showed great heroism. Nine Indians near Boston carried 
off Mrs. Dustin with her baby, her nurse, and a boy of 



Primary History of the United States. 



63 



thirteen. The poor babe was killed, and the others made 
to suffer in many ways. The boy heard the Indians say 
that they would put the prisoners to torture and told Mrs. 
Dustin. In the night, while their captors were asleep, 
Mrs. Dustin and the other white stole the tomahawks and 
killed and scalped all the Indians but two who got away. 
There is a marble monument at Boscowen in New Hamp- 
shire to show where this bold deed took place. 

Indian Fighting in the Carolinas. — In North and South 
Carolina the colonists suffered greatly, but were at last able 
to put the red men down. In North Carolina the Indians 
robbed, tortured and killed numbers of whites, but were, in 
the end, so badly defeated and cowed that they left the 
colony and went North to join the Five Nations of the 
Iroquois in New York. 

Expedition Against Canada. — The New England people 
sent soldiers against the French in Canada, and a fleet 
which captured Nova Scotia ; and when peace was made. 
Nova Scotia and Newfoundland were left to the English. 
Spotswood's Good Government in Virginia. — Alex- 
ander Spotswood, appointed by 
Queen Anne, was the best gover- 
nor Virginia had ever had. He pro- 
tected the liberties of the people, 
and put down the pirates, in the 
Chesapeake, and killed their leader 
Blackbeard. He opened iron mines, 
set up iron furiikces and foundries, 
and manufactured shovels, hoes, 
plows, pots, and irons, - and such 
things, cheaper and better than they 
could be brought from England. 
First Expedition West of the 
Mountains. — Spotswood also got together a company of 
gentlemen and soldiers, and with some Indian guides 
crossed the Blue Ridge Mountains in 1716, and was the 
first white man to behold and examine the great Valley of 
Virginia which lies west of them. 




ALEXANDER SPOTSWOOD. 



64 



Primary Histoiy of' the United States, 



Settlement of the Valley of Virginia. — The Indians 
did not live in this valley, but came there in bands to 
hunt. It was a wild region with great forests and spark- 
ling streams. The whites, at first, shrank from settling in 
its lonely regions, but, sixteen years after Spotswood first 
looked down upon it. Joist Hite brought several families 
of Germans from Pennsylvania to the neighborhood of 
Winchester. 




BLOCK HOUSE AND INDIAN ATTACK. 

Scotch-Irish Settlers. — Scotch-Irish settlers in numbers 
followed, and other Germans. Some of them came through 
Pennsylvania, and some landed at Norfolk and Williams- 
burg. The Scotch-Irish were a sturdy, thrifty race. They 
spread themselves through the valley, and took up its 
fine lands. 

Their Building of Forts and Churches. — They built 
block-houses of logs for defence against the Indians, and 
then cabins for their families, and stone churches. For 



Primary History of the United States. 65 

some of these churches which are still standing, the women 
carried sand in their aprons to make the mortar, while the 
men built the walls. 

QUESTIONS. 

I In 1688, how many white people were there in the English colo- 



2. How many in New France? 

3. Which held the greater amount of territory? 

4. Who did the French stir up to fight against the English? 

5. Tell something of their horrible cruelties, 

6. How long did this Indian fighting keep up? 

7. Tell the story of Mrs. Dustin. 

8. What was the result of Indian fighting in North Carolina? 

9. What countries did New England gain for the English? 

10. Who was the best governor Virginia had ever had? 

11. Tell of some of the good things he did? 

12. When did he cross the Blue Ridge? 

13. When and where was the first white settlement in the Valley of 

Virginia? 

14. Tell of the Scotch-Irish settlers. 

15. Tell how they built forts and churches. 



BLACKBOARD FORM-CHAPTER XIII. 

Indian Wars. \ J" New England-stirred up by Fr. 

I In North and South Carolina. 



New England captures Nova Scotia. 
Spotswood crosses the mountains, 17 16. 



English Settle- ( Germans in the Valley of Virginia, 1732. 

ments west of the \ Scotch-Irish settle in Pennsylvania and Vir 
mountains. I ainia. 



66 Primary History of the United States. 



CHAPTER XIV. 

SETTLEMENT OF GEORGIA. 

Oglethorpe in Georgia. — The latest colony, Georgia, 
was settled by General Oglethorpe in 1733, about the same 
time that white people moved into the Valley of Virginia. 
Why He Came. — Oglethorpe was a kind, good man, 
and he got a grant of land from King George U. and money 
from Parliament, to make a home for poor Englishmen 
who were then put in jail when they could not pay their 
debts. He brought out the first settlers himself, and laid 
off the city of Savannah. 

Oglethorpe's Prudent Rule. — Oglethorpe was wise and 
prudent. He made friends with the Indians, and in- 
creased his colony by inviting all oppressed and persecuted 
people to find a home there. 

Coming of Desirable Settlers. — Before long, there came 
over thrifty Germans, industrious Italians and sturdy 
Scotchmen, who were all better colonists than the broken- 
down English people, and the colony of Georgia became 
very prosperous. On St. Simon's Island a fortified town 
called Frederica was built, but this city has disappeared. 
The Wesleys and \Vhitefield. — Some bands of immi- 
grants brought their ministers with 
them, and all Protestants were made 
welcome. Three famous English 
preachers, John and Charles Wesley, 
and George Whitefield, came and spent 
several years in Georgia, and White- 
field set up in Savannah the first 
English orphan asylum. 

Slavery in Georgia. — Oglethorpe 
JOHN WESLEY. i-j-i^^ tQ l^^gp i-^^o evil things,' rum and 

slavery, out of Georgia, but he did not succeed. Negro 





Primary History of the United States. 67 

slaves could stand tlie hot sun better than the white men, 
and as they were profitable in the 
Carolinas, the planters in Georgia 
would have them too. 

War With Spain and France. — It 
was a good thing that Oglethorpe 
had made friends with the Indians. 
You remember that the Spaniards 
owned the West Indies, and had set- 
tled Florida. There was now war 
between England and Spain, and whitefield. 

Oglethorpe was ordered to attack Florida. He could not 
do this, but Georgia was threatened with destruction 
by a large Spanish fleet. 

Soldiers Sent to South America. — The other colonies 
were obliged to send 4,000 soldiers to fight in this war 
against the Spaniards in South America, only 400 of 
whom lived to return home. 

W^ar W^ith France. New England Ships Capture 
Louisburg. — Besides the war with Spain, there w^as also 
war with France. The French in Canada and on the 
coast were close to New England, and there was a great 
deal of fighting between them. A New England fleet 
commanded by William Pepperell, a merchant of Maine, 
captured the strong fortress of Louisburg on Cape Breton 
Island, but it was given back to France. 

Improvements in the Colonies. — x\t the time of 
which we are reading, the colonies had improved greatly 
in many ways. Boston was the principal town, and the 
New England shipbuilders had become so skilful that 
they even built warships for the king's navy. In fifty 
years the population had more than doubled. 

Mails and Newspapers. — Regular mails had been es- 
tablished, and it was thought a fine improvement when 
letters could go in ten days from Williamsburg to Phila- 
delphia. The first newspaper in America was printed 
in Boston, in 1704. Now there were others in New Eng- 
land, New York, Philadelphia, Maryland, Virginia and 



68 Primary History of the United States. 

South Carolina. But these papers were not carried in the 
mails. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. When and by whom was Georgia settled? 

2. Why did Oglethorpe do this? 

3. How did he increase the colonists? 

4. What desirable settlers came over? 

5. What famous English preachers came to Georgia? 

6. Why was slavery introduced into Georgia? 

7. With what countries did England now go to war? 

8. How many soldiers did the colonies send to South America? 

9. What strong French fortress did New England ships capture? 

10. What was the principal town in the colonies at this time? 

11. Tell of the mails and newspapers. 



BLACKBOARD FORM— CHAPTER XIV. 

f Oglethorpe settled Georgia, 1733. 

[ Brought thrifty settlers. 
^ . J Makes friends with the Indians. 

'^^°^S^^* j Fought the Spaniards. 

j Other colonies sent 4000 soldiers to fight the 

[ Spaniards. 

New England built fine ships. 
T 4. I Mails established. 

Improvements. j Newspapers, first in Boston, 1704. " 

1^ Then in all the colonies. 



Primary Hisfory of the United States. 



69 



CHAPTER XV. 



ABOUT SOME FAMOUS BOYS. 

I must now tell you of some boys who were growing to 
be men at this time, and who had a great deal to do with 
the making of the United States. 

George Washington. — The most famous of these was 
George Washington, who was born on the Potomac River 
in Virginia, in 1732. George's father died and left the lit- 
tle boy for liis mother and brother to bring up. 

His Education. — He got his education at a neighbor- 
hood school and at -^ <- '_ 
home, where he also 
learned to ride and to 
shoot, to fence and to 
dance. He was a good, 
dutiful son, and 
though he had set his 
heart on being a sailor 
he gave it up because 
it grieved his mother 
so much. 

A Young Surveyor. - 
well, for, when he was only seventeen years old. Lord Fair- 
fax, a friend of his brother, made him surveyor of vast 
tracts of land in the Valley of Virginia which the king 
had given to him. It was a wild country covered with 
forests. There were few settlers, and bands of Indians 
roved through it in the hunting season. 

His Hard Life a Useful Training. — Young Washington 
led a rude, hard life examining the country and laying it 
off. He slept in the settler's cabins, or under the trees, 
and fed on coarse and scanty food. But this was the very 
training he needed. His maps and plats are so accurate 




^^4;lv^ 



WASHING ION S Slk\lMNG OUARTPRSAT 
SOI^DIP R's rest 

-He must have studied his lessons 



70 



Primary History of the United States. 



that not one of them has ever been found wrong, and he 
learned to observe the country closely, and to know the 
habits and ways of the backwoodsmen, and of the Indians. 







GRKENWAY COURT, THE) HOME OF LORD FAIRFAX, CI.ARKE COUNTY, VA. 

Benjamin Franklin. — I have not room to tell you of 
other youths from Virginia, South Carolina, and other 
colonies whose names you will read again and again, but I 
must say something of a Massachusetts boy, Benjamin 
Franklin. Franklin was a good deal older than Washing- 
ton, but was associated with him in many important affairs. 
Franklin's Education. — Franklin's father was a candle- 
maker in Boston, and took the boy from 
school at ten years old to fill the candle- 
moulds. Little Benjamin was so fond of 
books and of learning that nothing could 
keep him from it. At twelve years of 
age he was put to learn printing under 
his brother. 

Runs Away From Home. — He be- 
came a fine printer, and studied all the 
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, books that camc in his way. But his 
brother was not kind to him, and so Benjamin ran away 
to Philadelphia, where he got work, and became a useful, 
prominent man. 




Primary History of the United States. 7 1 

His Scientific Discoveries. — Franklin lived to an old 
age, and was distinguished in many ways. He was the 
first man to find out that the lightning was caused by 
electricity, and he invented lightning-rods to protect 
houses. ^ He also made Franklin stoves, which made it 
much easier to w^arm the houses. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. When and where was George Washington born? 

2. How was he educated? 

3. At what age did he become a surveyor? 

4. What good did his training do him? 

5. When and where was Benjamin Franklin born? 

6. How was he educated? 

7. At what age did he begin to learn printing? 

8. What did he become as he grew older? 

9. What famous discovery did he make? 
10. What did he invent? 



BI.ACKBOARD FORM— CHAPTER XV. 

^ -ITT I,- ( Born in Virginia, 1732. 

George Washing- j^^i^^^ted at home. 

"• (. Surveyor at seventeen. 

. . n \r { Born in Boston, 1706. 

benjamin ii^rank- 1 ^earned printing when twelve years old. 

^^"- ( Famous as a statesman and philosopher. 



72 Primary History of the United States. 



CHAPTER XVI. 

COLONIAI. WAR. 

The Colonies Make War Against the French. — The 
wars of which you have read, except when the whites had 
defended themselves against the Indians, had begun in 
Europe and had been taken up by the colonies. But in 
1750 a war against the French was begun by the colonists 
themselves. 

France Claims all the Mississippi Valley. — In the 
seventh chapter, I have told you how the French in Can- 
ada took possession of the West and Northwest, how 
they had explored the Great Lakes, and the Mississippi 
River, how they had planted a settlement near its mouth, 
and had claimed the whole valley through which it flowed 
for France. 

Builds Forts in Many Places. — To make this claim 
good they had built forts and trading-posts at several places 
between the Lakes and the Gulf of Mexico, and had some 
flourishing settlements in what is now Illinois. They had 
built a fort at the mouth of the Niagara River, another at 
Crown Point on Lake Champlain, in New York ; and were 
now pushing down to take possession of the Ohio River 
and the large region through which it flows. 

The Colonies Owned the Northwest. — All the coun- 
try from the Atlantic to the Pacific had been granted by 
the English king to the first settlers in Virginia and New 
England. In 1744 the Six Nations made a deed to the 
Virginia Colony granting to it all the lands the king of 
England had given to it. 

They Resist the French Claim. — Although the colo- 
nists had not yet made settlements west of the Alleghany 
Mountains, they had learned from Indian traders and hunt- 
ers what a fine country it was, and they were not willing 
that the French should take it for their own. 



Primary History of the United States. 73 

The Indians Wanted No White Owners. — Pennsylva- 
nia sent Benjamin Franklin to talk with the Indians along 
the head-waters of the Ohio River, who said they did not 
wish any white people to take possession of the country, 
and sent to tell the French so. 

England Helps the Colonies. — The governor of Can- 
ada did not mind this, but went on building forts down 
towards the Ohio. When the English government knew 
how the French w^ere trying to take the Ohio country for 
their own, they told the king of France that he must stop 
it, and sent the Virginia colony cannon and powder and told 
them to defend their territory against the French. 

QUESTIONS. 



1. Why did the colonies make w-ar against the French in 1750? 

2. Why did France claim the Mississippi Valley? 

3. Where did the French build forts? 

4. What claim did the colonies have to the Northwest? 

5. What claim did Virginia have to it? 

6. Why were they unwilling that the French should take it? 

7. What did the Indians think about it? 

8. What did the English government do about it? 



74 Primary History of the United States. 

CHAPTER XVII. 

THE COLONIES PREPARE FOR DEFENCE. 

Ohio Company. — The English Parliament gave im- 
mense tracts of land on the Ohio to a company of Virgin- 
ians who were to settle the conntry and trade with the 
Indians. 

Colonial Soldiers not Afraid. — The colonists had learned 
the ways of both the French and the Indians, and were not 
afraid of the red men, as they had been at one time. They 
knew how to make secret and sndden marches, to track their 
foes, and to be ever on the watch, and to bear defeat and 
torture, as well as the savages themselves. 

Notice Sent the French. — Before beginning to fight. 
Governor Dinwiddie thought it best to send a notice to 
the French commander on the Ohio that the region be- 
longed to Virginia, and if he went on building forts there 
the Virginians would make war on him. 

Washington's Embassy.' — George Washington was 
chosen to carry this bold message. He was just twenty- 
one years old when he set out with only one or two 
companions on his long and dangerous journey across 
mountains and rivers where there were no roads and few 
white men, and through Indian settlements to find the 
French commander. 

Two Long Journeys. — It took Washington a month to 
reach the Chevalier de Saint Pierre at a post fifteen miles 
south of Lake Erie, and six weeks to make his way back 
to Williamsburg over the snow-covered mountains and 
frozen streams. 

Washington's Advice. — He brought no satisfactory 
news, but was sure that the French intended to occupy 
the country on the Monongahela river, and he advised 
Governor Dinwiddie to build a fort at the junction of the 



Primary History of the United States, 75 

two rivers which form the Ohio, at the point where Pitts- 
burg now stands. 

The French Seize the Ohio Fort. — This fort was half 
done, but, before the small army of Virginians sent under 
Washington's command to defend it got there, the French 
came and drove the colonists off and then finished the 
fort, which they called Fort Duquesne. 

^Vashington Obliged to Surrender Fort Necessity. — 
Washington's small army made a fortification, which he 
called Fort Necessity, to protect themselves against the 
much larger number of French soldiers, and fought them 
bravely for a whole day. They could not keep that up, 
however, and surrendered, under the promise that they 
should go home safely and not be troubled by the Indians. 
This promise the French did not keep, and they suffered 
much from the savages on their retreat. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. Why did Parliament give land to the Ohio Company? 

2. Why were not the colonial soldiers afraid of the French and 

Indians? 

3. What notice did Governor Dinwiddie send to the French com- 

mander? 

4. Who carried the message? 

5. How long did it take him? 

6. What did Washington advise Governor Dinwiddie to do? 

7. What did the French do to the Virginia fort? 

8. What did they call it? 

9. Where was Fort Duquesne? 

10. What happened to Washington's small army at Fort Necessity? 



BLACKBOARD FORM— CHAPTERS XVI, XVII. 

f War against the French, 1750. 
France built forts all through the Mississippi 

Valley. 
Colonies- resisted this. 
Colonial War. \ England helped them. 

Washington sent to tell the French that the 

Northwest belonged to Virginia, 1753. 

French seized and garrisoned Fort Duquesne, 

_ Washington defeated at Great Meadows, 1754. 



76 Prtmary History of the United States. 

CHAPTER XVIII. 

PROGRESS OF COLONIAL WAR. 

Aid Sent to America. — France and England now sent 
out men and arms to help on the war in the colonies. The 
English general, Braddock, came to take command in Vir- 
ginia, bringing a fine body of British regulars. Three 
other armies were to move in different directions against 
the French. 

Braddock's March Against Fort Duquesne. — Braddock 
set out from Alexandria in Virginia, in April, 1755, with 
his own troops and a number of Virginia soldiers, and 
Colonel Washington as his aide. He could not understand 
that he had to march through a wild, rough country, and 
began his journey in a fine coach, although there were no 
roads. He despised the provincial troops, and could not 
believe that there was any great danger from the 
Indians. 

Time Lost on the Way. — The English dawdled for 
more than two months along the road to Fort Duquesne, 
and the French had ample time to get a large force of 
whites and Indians to meet them. 

Surprised by Indians. — As Braddock's force was march- 
ing gayly along with their flags flying and their bayonets 
glistening in the sun, on a bright July morning, it was 
suddenly attacked by bullets and musket shot, although no 
enemy could be seen. This was what Colonel Washington 
had warned General Braddock to guard against. 

British Troops Did Not Know What to Do. — The 
British officers and men did not know how to resist what 
they could not see. The provincials, who knew all about 
Indian ambushes, at once hid themselves in the same way 
behind the trees and rocks along the road, and fired from 
shelter as their foes were doing. 

Retreat of Braddock's Army. — The British troops were 
so terrified by the war-whoops of the Indians and the 



Primary History of tJie United States. 77 

continual attack from unseen foes, that they retreated in 
great panic, leaving their cannon and their baggage as 
they ran. In vain the officers tried to stop the headlong 
flight. 

A Disastrous Battle. — Alore than seven hundred were 
slain, among them General Braddock and three-fourths of 
the officers. Colonel Washington had two horses killed 
under him. He helped to carry General Braddock from 
the field, and buried him at Great Meadows. 

Sir William Johnson's Success in New York. — This 
defeat discouraged the colonies so much that the expedi- 
tion against Fort Niagara was given up. Sir William 
Johnson, however, defeated the French and Indians near 
Lake George, and built Fort William Henry to defend the 
Hudson River against the French. 

Exile of the Acadians. — The fourth movement against 
the French, upon the Acadians in Nova Scotia, was en- 
tirely successful. The Acadians refused to become subjects 
of the English king, and seyen thousand of them were 
taken away from their homes and carried by the English 
ships to different parts of the colonies. A number of their 
descendants are now living in the western part of Louisiana. 

War Fiercer Than Ever. — x\ great war now broke out 
in Europe which raged for seven years, and France and 
England fought in America harder than before. 

Montcalm Captures Forts in New York. — The French 
general, Montcalm, made friends with 
the Indians, and, at first, defeated the 
English in New York, and captured 
several of their important forts, and got 
control of Lake Ontario, Lake Cham- 
plain and Lake George. 

W^illiam Pitt Secures Victory to Eng- 
land. — After this, a great statesman, 
William Pitt, took the head of affairs in 
England, and managed so well that the 
English soldiers and English ships once more became vic- 
torious in Europe. 




MONTCALM. 



78 Primary History of the United States. 

Abercrombie's Defeat. — General Abercrombie was given 
a fine army of 15,000 men to attack Montcalm's forces, and 
drive them from New York ; but instead of capturing Fort 
Ticonderoga, which Montcalm had built on Lake Cham- 
plain, the British force met with a great defeat. This was 
the last battle the French won. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. What aid came from Europe to carry on this war? 

2. Who came to command in Virginia? 

3. Tell of his march against Fort Duquesne. 

4. What happened to him on a bright July morning? 

5. What did the Provincial troops do? 

6. What did the British regulars do? 

7. How many were killed? 

8. Tell of Braddock's defeat? 

9. What success did Sir William Johnson have in New York? 
10 Why were the Acadians exiled from Nova Scotia? 

11. Where are their descendants now living? 

12. How long did a great war now rage in Europe? 

13. What success did the French General Montcalm now have in New 

York? 

14. What great statesman took the head of affairs in England? 

15. What was the last victory of the French in America? 



Primary History of the United States. 79 



CHAPTER XIX. 

BRITISH SUCCESSES. 

Capture of Louisburg, and Fort Duquesne and the 
New York Forts. — The British then captured IvOuis- 
burg, and one colonial force seized Fort Frontenac, 
and another under Colonel Washington took Fort Duquesne 
and changed its name to Fort Pitt. The next year the 
British also captured the forts of Niagara, Crown Point 
and Ticonderoga. 

Siege of Quebec, 1759. — General Wolfe, who had 
taken Louisburg, now laid siege to Quebec, the strongest 
fortress the French had. It stood on a small plain at the 
top of steep cliffs 300 feet high, and was defended by 7000 
soldiers. After trying for months, Wolfe, at last, found a 
path up the cliffs, so steep that it seemed almost impossible 
to climb. 

The English Climb the Heights of Abraham. — The 
English were rowed to the foot of this path in the darkness 
of the night. A French sentinel hailed them as they 
passed him, but as they answered him in French, he 
thought they were his countrymen, and told them to go 
on. The sturdy English then clambered up the steep 
narrow path and by morning 4000 of them 
had gained the top and had hauled up two 
small cannon with them. 

Surprise and Defeat of the French 
Garrison. — The French garrison w^as ut- 
terly surprised to find its enemies in its 
rear, and tried to drive them off. The 
fighting on both sides was desperate, and 
many were killed. Generals Wolfe and 
Montcalm each received a mortal wound. 

Deaths of Wolfe and Montcalm. — As Wolfe lay dying, 
he heard the shout, " They fly, they fly ! " '' Who fly ? '^ 




8o Primary History of the United States. 

said the hero. "The French," was the reply. "Then I 
die happy," whispered he as he breathed his last. Mont- 
calm also was glad to die before he saw Quebec surren- 
dered. 

Canada Surrendered to the English. — The city was 
given up at once, and within a few months the whole of 
Canada passed into possession of the English, and New 
France came to an end. 

Monument at Quebec. — You may be sure that the col- 
onies rejoiced greatly over the defeat of the French. If 
you ever go to Quebec, you will see on the Heights of 
Abraham a tall marble monument to the memory of both 
General Wolfe and Marquis de Montcalm. 

England Gains Great Possessions. — Three years after 
this, peace was made in Europe, and all the lands claimed 
by France east of the Mississippi river, were given to 
England. 

What the Colonies had Lost, and What they had 
Learned. — The colonies lost 30,000 men and $11,000,000 
during the Colonial war, but their people learned to de- 
pend upon themselves instead of England, and had gained 
valuable experience, and important ideas of self-govern- 
ment. Their officers and soldiers had also learned some- 
thing of the discipline and tactics of the British army, and 
had found that they could march and fight as well as the 
regulars did, — sometimes better. 

Indian Wars in the South. — While the Northern col- 
onies had been thus fighting with France a cruel Indian 
war had raged in the South. Governor Lyttleton attacked 
the Cherokees west of the Carolinas who had always been 
friendly to the whites. Lyttleton's fierce attack roused all 
the cruelty of the savages, and there were bloody contests, 
murders and burnings on both sides before the Indians were 
subdued. 

Pontiac's ^A^a^. — The Indians in the Nortliwest liked the 
French and hated the English, and formed a conspiracy to 
destroy them so that they should not keep their hold on 
Canada and the French forts. Poutiac, the gigantic chief 



Primary History of the United States. 8i 

of the Ottawas, headed the uprising, and the war which fol- 
lowed was called " Pontiac's War," which lasted for two 
years. 

Success of the Indians. — The Indians captnred most of 
the western forts, and tortnred and slew the English garri- 
sons. They also ravaged along the frontier, especially in 
Pennsylvania, killing the settlers with horrible crnelties. 

Bouquet Defeats the Indians at Bushy Run. — At last, 
in 1764, Colonel Henry Bouquet collected a strong force 
and defeated a large body of Indian warriors at Bushy Run, 
and Pontiac's War soon came to an end. This put a stop 
to Indian outrages for ten years, and the white people be- 
gan to move into the country west of the Alleghany Moun- 
tains. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. Where was the Fortress of Louisburg? 

2. Frontenac? 

3. Who captured Louisburg? 

4. Frontenac? 

5. Fort Duquesne? 

6. Who now laid siege to Quebec? 

7. How did he reach the fortress? 

8. Who defended it? 

9. Tell of the deaths of W^olfe and Montcalm. 

10. What was the result of the taking of Quebec? 

11. What monument may you see on the Heights of Abraham? 

12. What did England gain when peace was made? 

13. What had the colonists lost during this war? 

14. What had they learned? 

15. What bloody war had been fought in the meantime in the South? 

16. What did the Indians in the Northwest try to do to the English? 

17. Why was the war called Pontiac's War? 

18. How did the Indians carry it on? 

19. When and where were they at last defeated? 



BLACKBOARD FORM— CHAPTERS XVIII, XIX. 

f Fort Duquesne taken, 1754. 
Washington defeated at Great Meadows, 1754. 
p , . , ^ I Braddock defeated and killed near Fort Du- 

-p?pnpIfc;nrpJ<i^P<; "> qUCSUC, I755. 

rrencn successes. Montcalm captured forts in New York, 1757, 

I 1758. 

1^ Abercrombie defeated at Ticonderoga, 1758. 



82 



Prhnary History of the United States. 



Colonial successes. 



Sir William Johnson victorious near Lake 

George, 1755. 
Nova Scotia taken and rebellious Acadians exiled, 

1755- 
Ivouisburg captured, 1758. 
Forts Niagara and Ticonderoga taken, 1759. 
Quebec taken by Wolfe, 1759. 

f England gained Canada and the Mississippi 
Results of Colonial J Valley. 

War. j The colonists learned discipline and self-govern- 

[ ment. 

{Cherokees defeated in South Carolina. 
Pontiac's War, 1763. 
Bouquet defeated the Indians at Bushy Run, 1764. 



Primary Hisiory of the United States. 



83 



CHAPTER XX. 

CONDITION OF THE COLONIES. 

Progress in the Next Eleven Years. — For eleven years 
after Pontiac's War, there was no more fighting in the 
colonies, which continued to grow and prosper. Education 
was encouraged so much that six new colleges and a num- 
ber of schools had been started. There were a good many 




living room in a colonial home about the middle of the 
i8th century. 

newspapers, and there were regular mails, though some 
went only once a week, and others once a month. 

Luxury of the Rich. — Those who were rich built fine 
houses, and had elegant furniture and clothing brought 
from Europe. At the North, these grand mansions were 
in or near the towns. At the South they stood in the 
midst of broad plantations, with tlie houses of the numerous 
slaves near by in the " quarters," as they were called. 

Usefulness of the Slaves. — These slaves were trained 
to be carpenters, blacksmiths, wagon-makers, tailors and 
shoe-makers, and taught to spin and weave and do many 



Primary History of the United States. 




good 



other things, so that besides working in the fields they could 
make everything used on the great estates except the 

__ finery and luxuries at 
^¥:^l^^:rTt^^ the -great house." 

Comfort Among the 
Middle Classes.-There 
was much difference be- 
tween the classes of 
society everywhere. But 
the middle classes lived 
in comfort in 
L houses of stone or lo[ 
^^^ i" ^LJf-s- where they had home- 
^_ " made furniture and 

often 

ANTIQUE BEDSTEAD. WOOdCU 

plates and dishes. There was plenty to 

eat, and the strang-er was alwavs wel- 

come. ^^-^j"^^^ 

Daniel Boone in Kentucky. — In 1769, ^-^^ 

Daniel Boone with a half dozen other men 

went from North Carolina to hunt and antique stand. 

explore what is now Kentucky. No Indians lived in 
Kentucky, but bands of them went there 
to hunt. They did not want any white 
men there, and soon killed all of Boone's 
party except himself and his brother. 

His Lonely Stay There. — In the 
spring Daniel sent his brother back to 
get more men and some powder and shot 
from North Caro- 
lina, while he re- 
mained for months 

all by himself in the wilderness. 
Settlement of Boonesborough. 

— After two years, Daniel Boone 

returned to his home, and took 

his own family and several others to Kentucky and settled 

at Boonesborough. 




^^S 




DANIEL BOONE. 




ANTIQUE SOFA. 



Primary History of tJic United States. 



85 




Dangers from Indians. — I do not think you would like 
to have been with them, they were in so much danger from 
Indians. Once 
a party of red 
m e n captured 
Boone's little 
daughter and 
carried her ofif, 
and her father 
had to collect a 
band of men 
and fight before 
he could rescue 
his child. 

Beginning of ^- 
Tennessee, 
1769. — In the 
same year that 
Boone went to Kentucky 
from North Carolina across the mountains to Watauga in 
Tennessee. 

North Carolinians Seeking 

oppressed by 

English governor in 

Carolina, and they 

went where they and 

their children could 

be free. Their leaders gj 

were two Virginians, 

James Robertson and 
ANTIQUE CHAIR. Jauics Scvlcr, who formed a government 
for the settlement, with a written constitution ; and set up 
courts of justice. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. Tell of the growth and progress of the colonies during the next 

eleven years. 

2. How did the rich people everywhere live? 

3. Where were the fine houses in the North? 



OLD COLONIAL MANTEL, FROM THE HOME OF DANIEL 
MORGAN. 



a large number of people moved 




Liberty. — They 

the /I. 



were 




ANTIQUE TABLE. 



86 Primary History of the United States. 



4. At the South ? 

5. What were the vSoutherii slaves trained to do? 

6. How did the middle classes live? 

7. When did Daniel Boone go to Kentucky? 

8. Tell of his lonely stay there. 

9. When and where was the first settlement in Kentucky? 

10. Why would you not have liked to live there? 

11. What happened to Boone's little daughter? 

12. When and where was the first settlement in Tennessee? 

13. Why did North Carolinians go there? 

14. Who were their leaders? 



Primary History of the United States. 87 



CHAPTER XXL 

HOW GREAT BRITAIN OPPRESSED THE COLONIES. 

You remember that the English had fought the French 
more than once, and had taken all their land in America 
from them, and also that the English government had been 
very harsh to the colonies. The wars had cost a great deal 
of money, and England now determined to make the colo- 
nies pay it. 

Oppressive Laws and Unlawful Taxes. — The new 
king, George III., therefore, made many unjust aud oppres- 
sive laws. The colonies were to trade only with England, 
and were to pay a tax on all luxuries and many needful 
things. Wine, tea, silks, laces, broadcloth, plate, sugar and 
molasses and other things had a high duty laid on them, 
and England said she would keep an army in the colonies, 
and pay for it out of these duties. 

Virginia and Massachusetts Insisted on Their Rights. — 
Virginia and Massachusetts had, from the first, iusisted on 
their right to lay their own taxes, and to say how their 
money should be spent. The other colonies had followed 
their example, and now all were determined to oppose these 
unlawful taxes. 

Non-Importation Agreements. — The people signed 
agreements that they would not buy or use any of the 
things which England had taxed, and Virginia and South 
Carolina declared that no more African slaves should be 
brought into the colonies. 

The Stamp Act. — When the Americans stopped buying 
the taxed goods Parliament took the duties off most of 
them and passed a Stamp Act. All business papers in the 
colonies were to have an English stamp on them, or be of 
no account, and the people had to pay for the stamps. 

Virginia, North Carolina and the Other Colonies 
Oppose the Stamp Act. — The first open resistance to the 



88 Prim my History of the United States. 

Stamp Act was in Virginia, where Patrick Henry made a 
famous speech against it, and the Assembly passed resolu- 
tions condemning it. In North Carolina the militia assem- 
bled in arms, and prevented any stamps being sent on shore 
from the king's ships. Britain had no right to tax them 
unless they were allowed to send members to represent them 
in Parliament, and all resisted the Stamp Act. 

Repeal of Stamp Act Does Not End the Strife. — 
Finding that the act was so odious England repealed it. 
But the strife in America did not cease. In Boston citi- 
zens had a fight with some British soldiers, and in North 
Carolina 3000 " Regulators," who refused to pay the unjust 
taxes, were only put down by Governor Tryon after a 
bloody contest on Alamance Creek. 

Duty on Tea. — Then England sent a number of ships 
to America laden with tea on which a duty was to be paid. 
Tea had become a fashionable drink and was much liked, 
and the Americans used a good quantity of it. But when 
they found that England wished to get money out of them 
they refused to buy any more tea. 

Destruction of Tea. — Some of the ships were sent back 
with all their tea aboard. The cargoes of others were put 
into damp cellars, where they spoiled. At Annapolis a 
shipload was burned in broad daylight, and in Boston a 
number of men disguised as Indians boarded two tea ships 
at night and threw the tea into the water. 

Port of Boston Closed. Committees of Correspond- 
ence. — The English government was very angry at this, 
and ordered that no more ships should go to Boston. This 
and other unjust acts roused the Americans greatly. Com- 
mittees were formed in the different colonies to cori'espond 
and consider how they could best preserve their liberties, 
and conventions were held to discuss and determine what 
the several colonies should do. 

A Congress of the Colonies Called. — One of these con- 
ventions held in Virginia, in 1774, elected delegates to a 
General Congress of the colonies which was to determine 
what they must do to secure their rights from England. 



Primary History of the I ^nitcd States. 



89 



QUESTIONS. 



1. What oppressive laws and unjust taxes did George III. lay on 

the colonies? 

2. Did the colonies think he had a right to tax them? 

3. What were the non- importation agreements? 

4. What was the Stamp Act? 

5. Did the colonies submit to the Stamp Act? 

6. Where was the first resistance to it? 

7. Where did the militia prevent the stamps being sent on shore? 

8. Did the repeal of the Stamp Act end the strife? 

9. Whereabouts in the North was the fighting about the taxes? 

10. In the South? 

11. What did the Americans do when the taxed tea was sent over? 

12. How was the tea destroyed? 

13. Where was it burned in the daytime? 

14. Where thrown overboard at night? 

15. How did the English government punish Boston? 

16. How did the colonies resent this? 

17. To what did the Virginia Convention of 1774 elect delegates? 



BLACKBOARD FORM— CHAPTERS XX, XXI. 

f Growth and progress ever3'where. 
Condition of Colo- J Daniel Boone in Kentucky, 1769. 
nies. I Settlement of Kentuck}'. 1771. 

[^ Watauga Settlement in Tennessee, 1769, 

f Heavy taxes laid. 

I Stamp Act passed, 1765. 
„ .,• , p. . J Resisted by the colonies and repealed, 1766. 

lintisn uppression. j ^^^^^ ^^^ burned at Annapolis, and thrown over- 

I board at Boston, 1773. 

[ Steps taken for combined resistance. 



PERIOD II— BLACKBOARD REVIEW 

CHAPTERS XI-XXI. 

Colonies alike [ -^^ speaking English, holding slaves, and believ- 

t ing the Bible. 

Different. | In their dispositions and manner of living, 

{Harvard, in Massachusetts, 1636. 
William and Mary, in Virginia, 1693. 
Yale, in Connecticut, 1700. 



90 



Pi'ijuaiy History of the United States. 



French in the 
North and West. 



French Victories. 



Colonial victories. 



f Charaplain settled Quebec, 1608. 
Champlain visited Great Lakes, Marquette and 
Joliet explored part of the Mississippi River, 

1673- 
La Salle explored the whole river, 1682. 
La Salle destined the country for France, 1682. 
La Salle landed his colony by mistake in Texas, 

1684. 
D' Iberville settled Louisiana, 1699. 

Indian wars stirred up by the French. 

Spotswood crosses the Blue Ridge, 1716 

Valley of Virginia settled, 1732. 

Oglethorpe settled Georgia, 1733. 

Great improvement in all the colonies 

First newspaper in Boston, 1704. 

George Washington born, 1732. 

Benjamin Franklin born, 1706. 

Colonial War, 1750. 

France built forts from Canada to Gulf of 
Mexico. 

Virginians resist. 

(Over Washington at Great Meadows, 1754. 
Over Braddock, near Fort Duquesne, 1755. 
Over Abercrombie, at Ticonderoga, 1758. 

f Sir William Johnson, near Lake George, 1755. 

I Nova Scotia captured, 1758. 

\ Duquesne, Niagara, and Ticonderoga taken, 1759. 

I Quebec taken by Wolfe, 1759. 

[ England gained all the French possessions. 

Indians defeated in Pontiac's War, 1764. 

Kentucky settled, 1771. 

Tennessee settled, 1769. 

Stamp Act, 1765. 

Tea destroyed, 1773. 

Colonies resisted British oppression and tax- 
ation. 



primary History of the United States. 91 



PERIOD III 
CHAPTER XXII. 

REVOLUTIONARY WAR — FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS. 

General Congress, 1774. — The first General Congress met 
in Philadelphia in September, 1774. It was composed of 
the wisest and best men from twelve of the colonies, Geor- 
gia alone having sent no members. The meetings were 
held with closed doors, and only their results published. 
Peyton Randolph of Virginia was chosen president and 
Charles Thompson of Pennsylvania secretary. 

Each Colony Declared a Distinct Body. Petitions to 
the King. — This Congress declared that each of the colo- 
nies was a separate political body, and that each should 
have an equal vote. It was not yet prepared for indepen- 
dence, but sent a petition to the king which set forth the 
grievances of the colonies and begged his majesty to redress 
them. But this the king and Parliament had no idea of 
doinof, and before lono^ the colonists found themselves 
obliged to take up arms to maintain and secure their lib- 
erties. 

Indian War in Virginia. — Before the great struggle of 
the Revolution began, the Virginians had once more to 
fight desperately against the Indians who were committing 
great outrages along the western borders of Pennsylvania 
and Virginia. 

Forces Raised to Defend the Frontier. — In the spring 
of 1774, the frontiersmen assembled to defend themselves 
and drive the Indians back. Governor Dunmore called 
out 3000 soldiers for this war. Half to be under him and 
half under General Andrew Lewis. 

Lewis's Army at Point Pleasant. — Lewis's force was 
composed of men from the southwest counties of Virginia 



92 Primary History of the United States. 

and from western North Carolina, wearing their homespun 
hunting shirts and carrying their chimsy rifies and muskets. 
Eleven hundred of them camped near the mouth of the 
Great Kanawha on the night of October 9. 

Attack and Defeat of the Indians. — Cornstalk, the In- 
dian commander, crossed his men over the Ohio, hoping to 
fall upon Lewis while his army was asleep. Their ap- 
proach was, however, discovered. The whites sheltered 
themselves among the trees and rocks, and, after a desper- 
ate fight of many hours, succeeded in punishing the In- 
dians so severely that they stole away northward in the 
night, and for a while the frontiers were free from outrage. 
Why the Revolutionary War Was Fought. — But now 
there was a harder and more trying war before the 
colonies than any they had fought against the Indians, 
French or Spaniards. They were now to fight their Eng- 
lish friends and brothers, not for defence against cruelties 
and outrages, but for the sake of their rights and liberties, 
which they held dearer than their lives. 

The Colonies Gravely Consider Their Duty. — Con- 
ventions to decide upon their dut)^ were 
held in the different colonies, and Com- 
mittees of Correspondence were established 
between them. Patrick Henry, in a speech 
in the second Virginia Convention, de- 
clared that "an appeal to the God of bat- 
tles" nuist be made, and uttered the 
famous words, "Give me liberty, or give 
'■^^^ me death." To curb this spirit of resist- 
ance in Virginia Lord Dunmore took all 
the powder from the colony, but was forced by the soldiers 
to pay for it. 

First Fight of the Revolution, 1775. — The first fight of 
the Revolution was at Lexington in Massachusetts. The 
British general. Gage, had 3000 British soldiers in Boston. 
The men of New England were everywhere arming 
themselves, and collecting ammunition and supplies. 
General Gage determined to seize and destroy what had 




PATRICK HENRY. 



Pri?nary History of the United Slates. 



93 



been stored at Concord, and sent 800 of his soldiers to 
do this. 

The Minute Men at Lexington. — Warning of their 
march was sent throughout the country. The " Minute 
Men " flew to arms, and seventy of them barred the way 
of the English troops at Lexington. The British major, 
Pitcairn, shouted to them, "Disperse, ye rebels!" and 
ordered his men to fire, which they did, killing seven of 
the " Minute Men," and woiniding nine others. This was 
the first bloodshed in the Revo- 
lution. As the English marched 
on, the New Englanders assem- 
bled rapidly and fought so stoutly 
that 273 British soldiers were 
slain before getting back to Bos- 
ton, the American loss be- 
ing 89. 

Effects of the 
Fight at Lexing- 
ton. — News of this 
attack of the Brit- 
ish on the " Minute 
Men " at Lexing- 
ton spread like 
wild-fire, and the 
Americans at once made ready for war. Israel Putnam, 
leaving the plow in the furrow, rode on one of his plow- 
horses to join the army before Boston, and John Stark 
left his home in New Hampshire in ten minutes after 
learning what had happened at Lexington. 

Ethan Allen Takes Ticonderoga. — Ethan Allen, from 
Vermont, collecting a small band of " Green Mountain 
Boys," marched to Ticonderoga in the night, and sum- 
moned the commander to surrender the fort. " By whose 
authority? " questioned the officer. "In the name of the 
Great Jehovah and the Continental Congress," replied 
Allen, and the fort with fifty men and nearly 200 cannon 
was given up to him. 




OLD PULPIT AND CHANCEL OF ST. JOHN'S. 



Prima jy History of the United States, 



95 



The Distant Colonies Aroused. — The distant colonies 
were equally aroused. The night that the news of Lex- 
ington reached Charleston, South Carolina, the citizens 
seized the roval arsenal and distributed the arms found 




OI.D POWDER HORN, WII.LIAMSBURG, THE MAGAZINE FROM WHICH 
DUNMORE REMOVED THE POWDER. 

there. Georgia also took the powder from the king's 
magazine in Savannah. Soldiers and supplies and money 
were ordered to be raised everywhere. 



QUESTIONS. 

1. When and where did the first General Congress meet? 

2. Which colonies sent no members? 

3. What did the Congress declare each colony to be? 

4. Was it prepared for independence? 

5. Where did Indian warfare break out this same year? 

6. Tell of Lewis's arm}'^ at Point Pleasant. 

7. Who attacked this army at night? 

8. What was the result of I^ewis's victory? 



96 Primary Hhtory of ihc United States. 

;t ww^^^^^^!^ "Minute Men?" 

15- vvhat were the effpptc r^f fi, ^ i . 

'6. What did Israel Put , am ind f^,"" ^Lexinj^to,,? 

17. Tell how Kthan A le , tooT t/ ' ^'^ ''"' 

.<S. What was done ^'Sl tLIl'^^^if 



Primary History of the United States. 97 



CHAPTER XXIII. 

REVOLUTIONARY WAR, CONTINUED. 

Second Continental Congress, 1775. — Events now 
moved rapidly. The second Congress, which met in May, 
1775, was not, at first, prepared for open rebellion, and 
sent another petition to King George. But the violent 
measures taken in England soon convinced them that they 
must fight or submit to tyranny. 

Gage's Rule in Massachusetts. — Gage, who had about 
10,000 British troops, declared Massachusetts under "mar- 
tial law," and offered to pardon all the rebels except Sam- 
uel Adams and John Hancock. 

A Federal Union. — This decided Congress to act. A 
Federal Union was 
formed in the name 
of the "United Colo- 
nies," and the troops 
which had collected 

became the " Conti- ' -^ 

nental Army." Pa- military hat of revolutionary period. 

per money was issued by Congress, and a larger army 
ordered to be raised. 

Washington Commander-in-Chief. — George Washing- 
ton was chosen commander-in-chief of all the American 
forces, with four major-generals and eight brigadiers to 
command under him. Washington was a tall, stately 
looking man, forty-three years old at this time, wise, 
prudent and patriotic, and he nobly discharged the trust 
committed to him. 

Battle of Bunker Hill. — The first real battle between 
the colonists and the British was fought near Boston, 
before General Washington took charge of the army. The 
Americans had entrenched themselves on Breed's Hill, 




98 



Primary History of the United States. 



where the English forces attacked them and drove them 
from it and across Bunker's Hill to the open ground. 
This was only done after the Americans had 
shot away all their powder in a most gallant 
resistance, and the British lost more than 
twice as many men as the colonists. 

Washington Takes Command of the 
Continental Army. — Washington, who rode 
as fast as he could from Philadelphia to 
Boston, at once began to train and discipline 
the army he found there. Soldiers came to 
join it from the other colonies, and Washing- 
ton welcomed especially the bands of rifle- 
men from Pennsylvania, Maryland and Vir- 
ginia. He had seen these hardy hunters 
fight, and knew how brave and efficient they 
were. 

The British Besieged in Boston. — The 
Americans now shut the British up closely in 
Boston, but it was not until the spring of 
1776 that Washington could get powder 
enough to attack them. He then moved in 
the night to Dorchester Heights, and when 
the British awoke the next morning they saw 
a strong looking fortification with guns and soldiers which 
commanded the whole town and the vessels in the harbor. 

Forced to Leave Boston. — General 
Howe was angered and said : " The rebels 
have done more work in one night than 
my men would have done in a month." 
He did not want his men shot to pieces, 
so he embarked the 11,000 of them and 
sailed away. Washington occupied Bos- 
ton on the eighteenth of March. 

Efforts to Seize Canada. — While 
waiting before Boston, two armed forces 
had been sent to seize Canada, but the Canadians preferred 
to remain as they were, and the attempt failed. DanieJ 




DANIEL MORGAN. 




■:^.\> 



'"1 





(99) 



lOO Primajy History of the United States. 

Morgan with his riflemen from the Shenandoah Valley 
marched to Quebec under Benedict Arnold and was there 
taken prisoner. 

American Army Goes to New York. — Washington now 
found that the British were moving towards New York, 
and he took his men there to meet them. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. When did the second Continental Congress meet? 

2. Tell of Gage's rule in Massachusetts. 

3. What did Congress at once form? 

4. What was the first name of our country? 

5. What was the only money they had? 

6. Wlio was chosen commander-in-chief of the Continental Army? 

7. Describe him. 

8. What was the first real battle of the Revolution? 

9. What did Washington do as soon as he reached the army? 

10. Where did the soldiers come from? 

11. Tell how Washington drove the British from Boston? 

12. Why did the efforts to seize Canada fail? 

13. Where did Washington take his army when the British left 

Boston? 



PERIOD III.— REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 
BLACKBOARD FORM-CHAPTERS XXII, XXIII. 

First Continental Congress, 1774. 

Second Continental Congress, 1775. 

Indians defeated at Point Pleasant in Vir- 
ginia, 1774. 

Revolutionary War to defend the rights and 
War. 1 liberties of the colonies. 

First Battle, Lexington, Massachusetts, 1775. 

Washington commander-in-chief, 1775. 
I Battle of Bunker Hill, 1775. 
\ British driven from Boston, 1776. 



Revol utionary 



Primary History of the United States. loi 



CHAPTER XXIV. 

REVOLUTIONARY WAR, CONTINUED — RESISTANCE IN THE 

SOUTH. 

Patriots and Tories. — All the x\mericans were not in 
favor of taking up arms against England. Those who did 
so were called" Patriots," those who opposed it were known 
as " Tories." There was quite a number of these Tories, 
and strife arose between them and the Patriots, especially 
in the South. The greater part of the people were eager 
for freedom. The Southern colonies raised and equipped 
soldiers, appointed committees of safety and gave directions 
for the drilling of the militia, and the manufacture of gun- 
powder. 

Battles of Great Bridge and Moore's Creek. — Lord 
Dunmore, in Virginia, and the Governor of North Carolina 
opposed these acts, and made war on those colonies with 
the aid of the Tories. In a battle at Great Bridge near 
Norfolk, Dunmore's forces were severely handled, and in 
North Carolina at Moore's Creek the first decided American 
victory was won by the Patriots. 

Mecklenburg Resolutions. — Before this, the people of 
Mecklenburg, North Carolina, had declared their right and 
intention to govern themselves. 

Not Yet Ready for Independence. — With all this, 
neither Congress nor the colonies understood that they must 
cut loose from England and set up for themselves. They 
loved the mother country and hoped to obtain their rights 
while continuing subjects of the king. 

King George's Harsh Measures. — But the king meant 
to use every means to crush them. He gave orders to his 
warships to attack and destroy all the vessels of the 



loa 



Primary History of the United States. 



colonists and the towns along the coast. He hired German 
soldiers, Hessians, to fight the Americans, and took steps 
to stir np the Indians against them. 

Congress Determines to Resist. — When Congress 
learned how bitter the king and the English government 
were, it acted promptly for defence, and advised the colo- 
nies to form new governments for themselves. 

South Carolina Forms the First State Government. — 
South Carolina was the first to organize an independent 
government for herself with a president, a legislature, 
courts and an army. John Rutledge was made its presi- 
dent, and Christopher Gadsden came back from Congress 
to command its army. 

Congress Decides to Cut Loose from England. — The 
Virginia delegates were instructed by the 
convention of their colony to propose 
that Congress should " declare the United 
Colonies free and independent States." 
Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia, on the 
7th of June, offered a resolution, which 
was seconded by John Adams, of Massa- 
chusetts, that there should be an imme- 
diate and entire separation from Great 
Britain. 

Declaration of Independence. — This was agreed to, and 
on the 4th of July, 1776, in Inde- 
pendence Hall, Philadelphia, all the 
members of Congress signed the 
Declaration of Independence, which 
had been drawn up by Thomas Jef- 
ferson, of Virginia. 

Virginia the Second Indepen- 
dent State. — Before this Declara- 
tion of Independence was signed, 
George Mason had drawn up the 
Bill of Rights and a Constitution 
for Virginia, and that colony, like 
South Carolina, had organized herself into 




RICHARD HKNRY LEE. 




GEORGE MASON. 



a State, with 



Primary History of fJic United States. 



103 




Patrick Henry as her first governor. Others of the colo- 
nies were regulated by their old charters, 
or by their committees of safety. 

South Carolina Attacked. — South 
Carolina had also resisted successfully 
an attempt made by a British fleet to 
capture Charleston. 

Defence of Charleston. — Soldiers 
came from North Carolina and Virginia 
to assist in the defence of the city. A 
JOHN ADAMS fort of saudbags and palmetto logs was 

hastily made, to defend the entrance to the harbor. The 

shot from the vessels buried themselves in the soft pal- 
metto and the sand, while the guns from 

the fort did great harm to the ships, 

which at last gave up the contest and 

sailed away. 

Sergeant Jasper's Brave Deed. — In 

the heat of the fight, the flag of South 

Carolina was shot down and fell outside 

the fort. Sergeant Jasper seeing this, 

sprung from the wall, seized the flag, 

tied it on a new flag-staff and planted it 

again on the ramparts in full view of the enemy and in 

spite of their hot firing. This victory before Charleston 

left South Carolina and Georgia free from battle for two 

years. 




THOMAS JEFFERSON. 



QUESTIONS. 

1. Who were the "Patriots" and "Tories"? 

2. What did the Southern colonies do to prepare for war? 
3 Where was the battle of Great Bridge fought? 

4. Where did the Americans win their first victory in the Revolu- 

tion? 

5. What had the people of Mecklenburg, North Carolina, already 

done? 

6. Did the colonies yet know that they must separate from Great 

Britain ? 

7. What harsh measures did King George take? 

8. What did Congress then advise the colonies to form? 

9. Which colony formed the first State government? 



104 Primary History of the United States. 

10. What colony proposed to declare the United Colonies free and 

independent States? 

11. Who drew up the Declaration of Independence? 

12. When and where was it signed? 

13. Which colony became the second independent State? 

14. Tell of the attack and defence of Charleston. 

15. What was Sergeant Jasper's brave deed? 



Primary History of the United States. 105 



CHAPTER XXV. 

REVOLUTIONARY WAR, CONTINUED, 1776-1777. 

Large Army at New York. — The British fleet sailed 
from Charleston to New York. General Washington had 
fortified Brooklyn Heights and other places to defend the 
city. Bnt there were more than 30,000 English and Hes- 
sians in the British army, while the Americans had not so 
many as 11,000. 

W^ashington Leaves Long Island. — After a stout fight 
'on Long Island, Washington withdrew his men in the 
night and crossed them all safely to Manhattan Island. He 
came over in the last boat, after having been on his horse 
for forty-eight hours. 

Retires Up the Hudson. — The British followed him 
closely, and Washington thought it best to give up the city 
of New York and its defences, and took his army to a 
strong position up the Hudson. 

White Plains and Fort Washington. — At White Plains 
General Howe got the better of the xlmericans in battle. 
After this the British captured Fort Washington with a 
garrison of 3000 Patriot troops. Washington was obliged 
to retreat with a great part of his men, first to New Jersey 
and then across the Delaware River to Pennsylvania. 
General Howe thought that he had gotten entire possession 
of New Jersey, and stationed troops at different places. 

Congress .Alarmed. — Congress was so much alarmed 
when Washington fell back into Pennsylvania that it 
removed at once from Philadelphia to Baltimore. 

Decrease of Washington's Army. — Washington's small 
army was growing smaller, because the soldiers would go 
home when their term of service was over. So Washington 
determined to do something with them while he had them. 

Battle of Trenton. — On Christmas night he crossed his 
army over the Delaware River, full of floating ice, and 



io6 Privmry History of the United States. 

marched nine miles in the snow and sleet to attack the 
British camp at Trenton. It was fearfully cold and one 
American soldier froze to death. The Hessian garrison at 
Trenton was completely surprised, and looo of them were 
taken prisoners. 

Battle of Princeton. — Lord Cornwallis, the British gen- 
eral, was very angry at this and marched with 7000 men to 
attack Washington, who had not more than half as many. 
There was so much ice on the Delaware that the Ameri- 
cans could neither bring more men over nor retreat them- 
selves. Cornwallis then said he would surely "bag the 
fox." But Washington slipped by him in the night and 
attacked the rear of the British army at Princeton, which 
he severely defeated. 

Winter Quarters at Morristown. — Washington then 
put his men into winter quarters at Morristown, and by 
skillful movements, when spring came on, forced the 
British to give up most of New Jersey. 

British Capture Philadelphia. — General Howe now put 
a number of his men on shipboard and sailed with them 
through the Capes of Virginia and up the Chesapeake Bay 
to attack Philadelphia from the south. Washington 
marched to meet and, if possible, head them off, but his 
army was so poorly equipped and so badly fed that it was 
no match for the larger British force, finely supplied with 
everything. 

Brandywine and Germantown. — In the battle of 
Brandywine Creek, on September 11, the Americans were 
severely defeated, and again in October at Germantown. 
The forts which defended the Delaware River were then cap- 
tured by the British, so that the river was open to their vessels. 

The United States Destitute of Supplies. — The difficul- 
ties and disasters of the American armies were not only 
because they were smaller than those of the British ; their 
arms and ammunition were poor and scanty, and they were 
destitute of proper food and clothing. 

No Good Money. — The paper money issued by Congress 
never had any real value, and was daily becoming more 



Prijuary History of the United States. 



107 



worthless. When the soldiers succeeded in oettino; their 
small pay it would buy nothing- of any value for themselves 
or their families. 

Soldiers Unwilling to Leave their Homes. — Many of 
them who were willing to defend their own homes did not 
wish to march far away to fight for the other colonies, 
although there were numbers of good and true patriots ready 
to give up everything for the good of the whole country. 






G#® 



^TWJENTY SH1JLI.IMGS 
CurreiitMoney ofYiRGlNJA 
Pursuant io Ordinance of 



\ -!# 




FAC-SIMILE OF VIRGINIA NOTE IN HISTORICAI^ SOCIKTV COI.I.ECTION. 



QUESTIONS. 



Where did the British fleet go from Charleston? 

How many British sokliers were there? 

How did Washington get his men away from Long Island? 

Where did he take his army when he gave np the city of New York? 

In what battle did General Howe defeat the American army, 
and what fort did he capture? 

To what States was Washington obliged to retreat? 

What did Congress do when Washington fell back to Penn- 
sylvania? 

8. Why was Washington's army growing smaller? 

9. Tell of the battle of Trenton. 

10. The battle of Princeton. 

11. Where did Washington's army spend the winter? 



io8 



Primary History of the United States. 



move against Phila- 



12. Where is Morristown? 

13. In what direction did General Howe i 

delphia? 

14. Why was Washington's army no match for the British forces? 

15. In what two battles were they soon defeated? 

16. Of what were the American soldiers destitute? 

17. Was the paper money issued by Congress good? 

18. What were many of the soldiers unwilling to do? 



Revolutionary War 



BLACKBOARD FORM— CHAPTERS XXIV, XXV. 

f Battle of Great Bridge, Virginia, 1775. 

First American victory, Moore's Creek, North 
Carolina, 1775. 

South Carolina formed the first State govern- 
ment, 1776. 

Declaration of Independence, 1776. 

British driven off from Charleston, 1776. 

Americans driven from Long Island, 1776. 

Battle of White Plains, 1776. 

Washington's retreat into Pennsylvania, 1776. 

Battle of Trenton, 1776. 

Battle of Princeton, 1777. 

Philadelphia captured by British, 1777. 

Battles of Brandywine and Germantown, 1777. 



Primary History of the United States. 109 



CHAPTER XXVI. 

RKVOLUTIONARY WAR, CONTINUED — BURGOYNK'S DEFEAT. 

Encouragement from New York. — In the midst of the 
disappointment and defeat which seemed the lot of Wash- 
ington's army, there came a bright ray of hope and 
encouragement from New York. 

Schuyler's Measures for Defence. — General Schuyler, 
in command there, had been fortifying against an advance 
from Canada. By advice from General Washington he 
had destroyed the bridges, blocked up the roads, flooded 
the flat lands, driven ofl' all the horses and cattle, and cut 
down the forest trees so as to hinder marching through 
them. So that after meeting no resistance until he got to 
the Hudson River, then General Burgoyne foimd the 
progress of his fine army sadly hindered. 

Qriskany and Bennington. — One part of it was defeated 
at Oriskany, and forced to retreat. Another part, over 
1000 strong, was sent into Vermont to seize horses and 
cattle for Burgoyne's men. Here General John Stark 
assembled 1400 militia and attacked the British, saying to 
his command, " Now men there are the red-coats. Before 
night they must be ours or Molly Stark will be a widow." 
In a short time the whole invading force was either killed 
or captured, with all the arms and artillery. These suc- 
cesses encouraged the Americans who flocked in numbers 
to Schuyler's aid. 

Sad Fate of Miss McRae. — A young American girl, 
Miss McRae, was carried off at this time by some Indians 
of Burgoyne's army, who afterward murdered her and 
showed her scalp in the British camp, which outrage 
stirred up more hatred and revenge against the invaders. 

Gates Put in Schuyler's Place. — It now looked as if 
Schuyler's efforts were to be crowned with victory, when 
suddenly Congress sent General Gates to command in his 



no Primary History of the United States. 

stead. Gates was a vain iiiaii and a poor general, but he 
had good officers under him. 

Burgoyne's Defeat and Surrender, 1777. — In a battle at 
Bemis Heights on September 19, and another on October 
7, Burgoyne attempted in vain to break through the 
American lines and carry their entrenchments. They were 
so ably led by Generals Arnold and Morgan that the 
British met with great loss and accomplished nothing. 
Burgoyne then retreated to Saratoga and on October 17, 
surrendered his whole army, 5000 strong, with all its arms, 
cannons and supplies. 

Effects of Burgoyne's Defeat in Europe. — This success 
not only encouraged the Americans, but it gained the 
United States much respect in Europe. Congress had sent 
Silas Deane, Benjamin Franklin and Arthur Lee as com- 
missioners to France to obtain help and recognition. 

Secret Aid to the Commissioners. — Up to this time 
they had received no public encourage- 
ment, though arms, ammunition and some 
money had been secretly furnished them, 
and some fine young soldiers had come 
over to fight in the American army. One 
of these, the Marquis de Lafayette became 
a great friend of General Washington. 

France Makes an Alliance with the 
United States. — After the American vic- 
tory at Saratoga France recognized the 
United States as an independent nation, and made a treaty 
of friendship and alliance with them in February, 1778. 

QUESTIONS. 

T. Where did a ray of hope now come from? 

2. What had Schuyler done to defend the State of New York from 

the British? 

3. Who was bringing an army down from Canada? 

4. In what two battles were parts of this army defeated? 

5. Tell of the battle of Bennington. 

6. What was the sad fate of Miss McRae? 

7. Who did Congress now put in Schuyler's place? 
S. What sort of a general was Gates? 




LAFAYETTE. 



Primary History of the United States 1 1 1 

9. What happened at Bern is Heights on September 19, and October 7? 

10. When and where did Burgoyne surrender his army? 

11. What effect did Burgoyne' s defeat have in Europe? 

12. What nation first recognized the United States, and made a treaty 

with it? 

13. What young Frenchman became a great friend of General Wash- 

ington's? 



112 Primary His tary of the United States. 

CHAPTER XXVII. 

REVOLUTIONARY WAR, CONTINUED, 1777-1778. 

Gates's Efforts to Supplant ^A^ashington. — Burgoyne's 
defeat brought trouble as well as help to America. Gen- 
eral Gates took all the credit of it to himself, and supposed 
that he could now turn out General Washington and take 
his place as he had done that of General Schuyler. For- 
tunately Washington and his friends discovered the plots 
against him, and the best men in the country rallied to the 
support of the commander-in-chief. 

Valley Forge, 1777-1778. — Washington's army spent 
this winter at Valley Forge, twenty miles from Philadel- 
phia, and suffered untold hardships from cold, hunger and 
exposure. I have told you before of the lack of money. 
This constantly increased. 

Sufferings of the Soldiers. — The soldiers were half 
naked, barefooted and nearly starved. They had no shelter 
but huts which they put up, scarcely any blankets and 
very little food. Even when provisions could be gotten, 
people would not haul them to camp for the worthless 
paper money. Besides this, Congress was very incom- 
petent, and the soldiers from the different States, especially 
from New England, were very jealous of each other. 

Washington's Greatness Under Trials. — Washington 
showed himself greater than ever in the midst of all these 
trials. He had his wife and other ladies to come and spend 
the winter at Valley Forge that they might help to cheer 
the soldiers up. 

Greene and Steuben. — He persuaded General Greene to 
be the quartermaster-general, so that the army might be 
better cared for, and he set Baron Steuben, who had come 
from Prussia, to drill and discipline the soldiers. He him- 
self was cheerful, calm and hopeful at all times. Once, 
Isaac Potts heard the general praying aloud to God that the 



Primary History of the United States. 



113 



Americans might be given success, and told his wife that 
the Lord would surely answer that prayer. 

Coming of the French Fleet. — In July, 1778, a French 
fleet with 4000 soldiers came to help the Americans. Vio- 
lent storms prevented any great battle on the sea and injured 
the French ships so much that they had to sail to the West 
Indies for repairs. 




British Evacuate Philadelphia. Battle of Monmouth. 

— Theil: approach decided the British to leave Philadelphia 
and return to New York. On their wa\' across New Jersey, 
the Americans fought and defeated them at Monmouth 
Courthouse, which was the last real battle in the Northern 
States. 

" Captain Molly."— In this battle Molly Pitcher took her 
husband's place when he was wounded, for which brave 
deed she was called " Captain Molly," and had a sergeant's 
warrant and half-pay for life, 
8 



1 1 4 Primary History of the United States. 

British Outrages Along the Coast. — When the French 
fleet left, the British vessels ravaged the coasts of New 
England and New Jersey, and also took possession of 
Savannah. 

Indian Attacks and Massacres. — At the same time, the 
Tories stirred up the Indians, who attacked the whites and 
committed horrible cruelties and massacres from New York 
southward as far as Georgia. General Sullivan with 3000 
men punished the Northern Indians for their bloody deeds, 
and the brave backwoodsmen from Virginia, the Carolinas 
and Georgia, put their Cherokee enemies to flight and de- 
stroyed their towns and provisions. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. What did General Gates try to do after Burgoyne's defeat? 

2. Where did Washington's army spend the winter of 1777 and 1778? 

3. Tell of the sufferings of the soldiers at Valley Forge. 

4. How did the soldiers from the different vStates feel toward each 

other? 

5. Tell of Washington's greatness under these trials? 

6. V^hat did he do to cheer the soldiers up? 

7. What is the story of Isaac Potts? 

8. When did a French fleet come ? 

9. What did their approach decide the British to do? 

10. Where were they defeated on their way to New York? 

11. Who was Captain Molly? 

12. V^hy was the French fleet obliged to go to the West Indies? 

13. What did the British vessels then do? 

14. Tell of Indian fighting in the North and South? 



BLACKBOARD FORM— CHAPTERS XXVI, XXVII. 

' Colonial successes in New York. 
Battle of Oriskany, New York, 1777. 
Battle of Bennington, Vermont, 1777. 
Burgoyne defeated and forced to surrender at 
Saratoga, New York, 1777. 
R e V o 1 u t i onar v France becomes the ally of the United States, 1778. 
YY^^ ^ \ vSufFerings at Valley Forge, 1 777-1778. 

Washington great under trial and discourage- 
ment. 
British feared the French fleet and left Phila- 
delphia, 1778. 
Battle of Monmouth Courthouse, New Jersey, 
1778. 



Primary History of the United States, 115 



CHAPTER XXVIII. 

REVOLUTIONARY WAR, CONTINUED — CLARKE TAKES THE 
NORTHWEST, 1 7 79. 

Virginia's Love for Kentucky. — In the twentieth chap- 
ter you learned liow Daniel Boone and his friends had 
settled Kentucky. Emigrants continued to move into that 
fertile region, and in 1776 the legislature of Virginia made 
it the county of Kentucky and gave it a regular county 
government. They also furnished the people with powder 
to defend themselves against the Indians. 

George Rogers Clarke. — One of the leading men was 
George Rogers Clarke from Virginia. He 
studied affairs around him, and found out 
that the Indians were stirred up by the 
British, and that the best way to prevent 
this would be to capture the British forts 
in the Northwest. 

Governor Henry Assists Him. — He 

told this to Governor Henry and three 

other Virginians — Thomas Jefferson, 

GEORGE R. CLARKE. Gcorgc Wy thc aud George Mason. They 

encouraged him, and Governor Heniy^ gave him power to 

enlist 300 men to go against the forts, but he never raised 

much more than half that number. 

French Settlers Afraid of the Back-woodsmen. — The 
country around the forts was, you remember, settled by the 
French, and when the English took possession of the forts 
they did not interfere with the settlers. These people 
were terribly afraid of the backwoodsmen, and Clarke felt 
that he must take them by surprise if he were to keep 
them from helping the English. 

Kaskaskia Taken by Surprise. — He got some hunters 
as guides and marched through the forests to Fort Kaskas- 
kia in Illinois, early in July, 1778. They captured a 




1 1 6 Primary History of the Uiiited States. 

soldier, who led them into the fort where a ball was going 
on. The surprise was complete. In a few moments, fort, 
ofarrison and commander were seized without bloodshed. 

French Settlers Make Friends with Clarke. — The 
French people of the neighborhood made friends with 
Clarke, as soon as they heard that the French king was an 
ally of the United States. Cahokia was taken in the same 
way, and Vincennes hoisted the American flag. 

British Occupy Vincennes. — The British did not 
tamely submit to this, and General Hamilton soon occu- 
pied Vincennes with 500 whites and Indians. Clarke de- 
termined to recapture Vincennes. It was winter time and 
the country was half covered with water and ice. Hamil- 
ton never dreamed that the x\mericans would come against 
him, and let numbers of his men go home. 

Clarke's Heroic March. — This was Clarke's oppor- 
tunit}'. He collected about two hundred men, and marched 
250 miles straight across the country, through forests, 
marshes and sw^ollen streams. Sometimes the men waded 
for days through the swamps, holding their arms above 
their heads. Their provisions gave out, and they would 
have perished from hunger and exhaustion but for the two 
canoes they found, some rafts they made, and the courage 
which animated them. 

Capture of Vincennes. — Still they kept on, and on 
February 22d, 1779, came close to Vincennes. The gar- 
rison was completely surprised and compelled to surrender, 
two days later. The soldiers were released on parole, but 
tlie officers were sent to Virginia. 

County of Illinois. — The country captured was at once 
made the county of Illinois, and was governed as Virginia 
governed her other counties. This forced the British to 
give up the Northwest, when peace was made. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. When (lid the legislature of Virginia esta1)lish the county of 

Kentucky? 

2. What did George Rogers Clarke find out about the Indian fighting? 

3. How did he think tliat could be prevented? 



Primary History of the United States. 117 

4. To whom did he tell what he thought? 

5. How did Governor Henry assist him? 

6. By whom had the country around the British forts been settled? 

7. What did these French people think of the backwoodsmen ? 

8. How did Clarke plan to keep them from helping the English? 

9. Where was Fort Kaskaskia? 

10. Tell how Clarke captured it? 

11. Why did the French settlers make friends wnth Clarke? 

12. What two other forts were taken in the same way? 

13. Tell how the British occupied Vincennes? 

14. What time of the year was it when Clarke set out to recapture it? 

15. Tell of his heroic march. 

16. Of the sufferings of his soldiers. 

17. W^hen and how did he capture Vincennes? 

18. What became of the garrison and officers? 

19. How did Virginia immediately govern the country captured? 

20. What did this force Great Britain to do when peace was made? 



ii8 Primary History of the United States. 



CHAPTER XXIX. 

REVOLUTIONARY WAR, CONTINUED, 1779-1780. 

Fighting in the Southern States. — From this time the 
fighting was ahiiost all in the Southern States. The Brit- 
ish ships ravaged the coast and captured Savannah. Gen- 
eral Washington sent the Virginia and Carolina troops to 
defend the South. 

Private Aid Keeps Washington's Army from Mutiny. 
— The rest of his small army went into winter quarters at 
Morristown, where they suffered even more than they had 
done at Valley Forge. If some patriotic men and women 
had not sent Washington seven or eight thousand dollars 
to spend for his soldiers, many of them would have muti- 
nied and gone home. 

Lincoln Forced to Surrender Charleston. — Sir Henry 
Clinton again attacked Charleston. General Lincoln made 
a gallant defence, but he was so much outnumbered both on 
sea and land that he could accomplish nothing, and sur- 
rendered the city and his army on May 12th, 1780. After 
this blow Congress sent General Gates to command in the 
South, and he soon made bad worse. 

Another French Fleet. — The coming of another fine 
French fleet and army cheered General Washington, who 
began to plan how he might drive the British from New 
York. 

Arnold's Treachery. — Just at this point, Washington 
learned that General Arnold had turned traitor to his 
country. Arnold had been a fine soldier and was much 
trusted, and when he asked to be given command of the 
fort at West Point on the Hudson, his request was im- 
mediately granted. 

Importance of West Point. — West Point defended the 
Hudson River against the British ships. Arnold had been 
very extravagant, and was nmch in debt. He needed 



Primary History of the United States. 119 

money and thought he might get a large sum by selling 
West Point to Sir Henry Clinton. 

Capture of Major Andre. — The arrangements for this 
shameful bargain were made between Arnold and Major 
John x\ndre, Sir Henry Clinton's aide. Matters were 
nearly completed when i\ndre was captured by three Pa- 
triotic soldiers as he was riding back to New York dressed 
like a countryman. 

Andre's Sad Fate. — The Americans refused to take his 
money and set him free. They searched him, and found 
the agreement with Arnold and a plan of the fort hid in 
his stockings. The men then took him to an American 
camp, and he was tried and hung as a spy. Arnold es- 
caped to the enemy, and did all he could to injure his 
country and his countrymen. 

Tarleton's Cruelties in South Carolina. — After captur- 
ing Charleston, the British overran South Carolina and 
did great damage there. One of their most cruel com- 
manders was Colonel Tarleton. At the Waxhaws, Tarleton 
defeated a Patriotic force and then killed and mangled the 
men who surrendered. 

Partisan Leaders. — Sir Henry Clinton thought he had 
conquered South Carolina,but the greater number of the peo- 
ple continued true to the Patriot cause, and partisan bands 
led by Sumter, Marion, Pickens and others, together with 
" Light-Horse Harry Lee's Legion " of cavalry kept up a con- 
stant warfare upon the British outposts and detachments. 

Sumter's and Marion's Men. — Sumter's men had 
only swords uiade from saws, and poles 
with knives on the end for lances. They 
melted up pewter plates and dishes to get 
bullets for their rifles, but they fought so 
constantly and boldly that Sumter was .;;- 

known as " The Game Cock." Francis /^^ 
Marion was known as " The Swamp Fox " ^^^^' 
because his men lived in the swamps, and ) 
attacked the enemy wherever a small body 
of troops marched or camped. marion. 




120 Primary History of the United States. 

QUKSTIONS. 

1. Where was the fighting ahiiost all done after this time? 

2. Who did General Washington send to defend the South? 

3. How was mutiny prevented in Washington's own army? 

4. When and why was General Lincoln forced to surrender 

Charleston ? 

5. Whom did Congress send to command in the South? 

6. How was Washington cheered up at this time? 

7. Who turned traitor at this time? 

8. What command had just been given him? 

9. Why did he want to sell West Point? 

10. Who made the arrangements on the British side? 

11. Tell of Andre's capture and execution? 

12. What became of Arnold? 

13. How did the British behave in South Carolina? 

14. Who was Colonel Tarleton? 

15. What did he do at Waxhaws? 

16. Who were the famous partisan leaders in South Carolina? 

17. How were Sumter's men armed? 

18. Why was Francis Marion called the "Swamp Fox"? 



BLACKBOARD FORM— CHAPTERS XXVHI, XXIX. 

f Kentucky made a Virginia county, 1776. 
j George Rogers Clarke captured Kaskaskia, 1778. 
George Rogers Clarke captured Vincennes, 1779. 
Revolutionary , Northwest made the county of Illinois, Vir- 
War. ] ginia, 1779. 

Charleston surrendered to the British, 1780. 
Arnold a traitor to his country, 1780. 
L Andre hung as a spy, 1780. 



Primary History of tJie Ihiited States. 121 



CHAPTER XXX. 

REVOLUTIONARY WAR, CONTINUED. 

Battle of Camden. — I have told you that Gates was a 
poor general. He undertook to fight at Camden, not know- 
ing that Cornwallis had a much larger army than his. He 
was badly defeated, his army was scattered, and he did not 
stop retreating until he reached Hillsborough in North 
Carolina. 

Cornwallis Moves Northward. — The British gained 
other successes, and Lord Cornwallis moved towards North 
Carolina, intending to overrun that State, and then over- 
come Virginia. As he advanced, he sent out two large 
bodies of cavalry to scour the country west of him. Tarle- 
ton was to keep near the army and Ferguson, with twelve 
hundred men, was to go towards the mountains to rouse 
the Tories, and subdue the rebels. 

Ferguson Threatens the ^A^estern Settlements. — Fer- 
guson sent threatening messages to Watauga and other set- 
tlements west of the mountains, but Shelby and Sevier did 
not wait to be attacked in their houses. 

Patriot Army Assembles. — Summons were sent to 
Southwest Virginia, and-, on September 29, a thousand 
men from Virginia, North Carolina, Watauga and Holston 
assembled at the Watauga Sycamore Shoals. 

Advance Against Ferguson. — Parson Doak blessed their 
undertaking, and the backwoodsmen set out to find Fer- 
guson. Other North Carolinians joined them until they 
numbered 1840. Most of them were on horseback and 
were armed with tomahawks, scalping knives, and small- 
bore rifles. Ferguson pretended to despise these hardy 
backwoodsmen, but he took a strong position on King's 
Mountain and sent for more soldiers. 

King's Mountain. — The Patriot force was afraid he might 
escape them, so Colonel Campbell picked out 910 of his 



122 Primary History of the United States. 

best men, gave them the best arms, mounted them on the 
best horses and set out hi haste for King's Mountain. 
They marched fifty miles in eighteen hours, and sur- 
rounded Ferguson's position. The men tied their horses 
to the trees and left them. Campbell ordered each man 
to look well to his priming and then to go forward and 
fight till he died. 

Victory of the Patriots. — This order was so well obeyed 
that the whole British army, 1150 strong, was either killed 
or captured and their arms secured. Ferguson himself was 
killed. The victorious troops had received no orders from 
either Congress or State. They had marched and fought 
as Patriots, to defend their homes and their families, and 
when their purpose was gained they gave up their prisoners 
to the Continental authorities and went quietly home. 

Effects of Their Success. — But they had done a great 
deed. The Patriots throughout the South were encouraged 
to new efforts, and from that time began to inflict severe 
injuries upon their enemies everywhere. 

General Greene in Command. — Washington now sent 
General Greene to take command in place of Gates. Greene 
was a great soldier like Washington. He soon reorganized 
his army and took them into a healthy region, and sent 
General Morgan to threaten Cornwallis on his left flank. 

Tarleton Defeated at the Cowpens. — Tarleton marched 
to meet Morgan, whom he found strongly posted at " The 
Cowpens." Here a fierce battle was joined in which 
Tarleton's force suffered an overwhelming defeat. Morgan 
moved northward, Cornwallis received reinforcements and 
followed the American army, of which Greene had taken 
command. 

Greene's Retreat to Virginia. Guilford Court House. 
— The pursuit was very close, but Greene brought his 
men safely to Virginia and then, moving once more into 
North Carolina, fought another bloody battle at Guilford 
Courthouse on March 15, 1781. Both sides claimed the 
victory, but Cornwallis had to retreat to Wilmington, 
while Greene advanced again into South Carolina. 



Primary History of the United States. 123 

Battle of Eutaw Springs. — The Partisan forces were 
now active and bold, and captured one British post after 
another. After another bloody fight at Eutaw Springs on 
September 8, the British were obliged to withdraw to 
Charleston and the war in the Carolinas was over. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. Tell of Gates's defeat at Camden. 

2. Why did Cornwallis march toward North Carolina? 

3. What forces did he send out to the west of him? 

4. To whom did Ferguson send threatening messages? 

5. What did the western settlements at once do? 

6. Tell of the army which they raised. 

7. To what size did it grow? 

8. How were they armed? 

9. What did Ferguson do when he heard they were coming? 

10. Tell of Campbell's advance upon King's Mountain. 

11. Of the victory there. 

12. What became of the victorious troops? 

13. What was the effect of their success? 

14. Whom did Washington send to take command in Gates's place? 

15. Who fought the battle of the "Cowpens"? 

16. Where did Greene retreat before Cornwallis? 

17. What bloody battle was fought in North Carolina in 1781? 

18. What showed that the Americans were victorious? 

19. What battle ended the war in the Carolinas? 



124 Primary History of the United States. 



CHAPTER XXXI. 

REVOLUTIONARY WAR, CONCLUDED, I781-I783. 

War Transferred to Virginia. — You have read of fight- 
ing in New England, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania 
and the Carolinas, besides which the British had ravaged 
along the coast from Maine to Georgia. The last part of 
the Revolutionary War was now to be fought in Virginia. 
Ships were sent into Chesapeake Bay, and a large British 
force under the traitor Arnold ravaged, burned and de- 
stroyed along its shores and up the James River as far as 
Richmond. 

The State Impoverished by Fighting. — Virginia had 
done a great deal of fighting from Canada to Georgia, and 
most of the British and Hessian prisoners were quartered 
in the vState. Money was as scarce there as anywhere else, 
and the whole State was very poor. 

Governor Nelson Raises Men and Supplies. — But her 
governor, General Nelson, made a desperate effort, and not 
only collected several thousand fresh soldiers, but procured 
food for the army and pay for the men by pledging his pri- 
vate fortune. Washington sent Lafayette to take command, 
and gave him all the troops he could spare. 

Cornwallis and Tarleton in Virginia. — Lord Cornwallis 
was now in Virginia with a fine force about twice as large 
as that of Lafayette. He employed Tarleton and his men 
to scour the country and steal and destroy wherever they 
went. 

Washington's Successful Manoeuvres. — When Wash- 
ington learned of this he threatened the city of New York 
so much that Sir Henry Clinton took away three of Corn- 
wallis's regiments to strengthen his own forces. Cornwal- 
lis, therefore, took his army to Yorktown and made strong 
fortifications there. 



Primary Histoiy of the United States. 



125 



More Help From France. — And now another large fleet 
and army came from France to help America, and Colonel 
Laurens, the American Minister to Paris, succeeded in bor- 
rowing a good quantity of gold and silver money for the 
United States, so that their prospects were brighter. 

"Washington Moves Against Cornwallis. — As soon as 
the French ships came, General Washington sent Lafa}'ette 




NKLSOX HOUSK, YORKTOWN, ON WHICH GENERAI, NELSON RFOUHSTED 
THE GUNNERS TO DIRECT THEIR GUNS. 

word not to let Cornwallis slip away from Yorktown, and 
set out for Virginia with a number of his soldiers. Comte 
De Grasse took the French ships into the Chesapeake Bay. 
Siege of Yorktown. — Lafayette had his men near York- 
town to watch Cornwallis. Washington joined him there, 
and, by the middle of September, had 16,000 troops assem- 
bled, 7000 of them French, 5500 Continentals, and 3500 
Virginia militia, A regular siege was laid to Yorktown, 



126 Primary History of the United States. 

and the French ships came up York River to bombard the 
town. 

Governor Nelson's Patriotism. — Governor Nelson paid 
five guineas to the gunner who sent a cannon-ball crashing 
through the walls of his house. You may see the marks 
of it there to-day. 

Cornwallis Surrenders. — It was impossible for the Brit- 
ish to hold out against this attack on land and water, and 
on October 19, 1781, Lord Cornwallis surrendered his 
whole army, 7037 men. This gave great joy to all the 
Americans, and was really the end of the war. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. Where was the last part of the Revolutionary War fought? 

2. Who commanded the British force which ravaged that State? 

3. Why had Virginia become much impoverished during the war? 

4. Who raised and provided for. several thousand fresh soldiers? 

5. Whom did Washington send to command in Virginia? 

6. How large was Cornwallis's army? 

7. What did he employ Tarleton to do? 

8. How did Washington weaken Cornwallis's force? 

9. Where did Cornwallis then go and put up fortifications? 

10. What aid did France send? 

11. What did Colonel Laurens succeed in doing? 

12. What did Washington do when the French fleet came? 

13. Where did Comte De Grasse take his French ships? 

14. Where did Washington join Lafayette? 

15. How many troops had he soon assembled there? 

16. Tell of the siege of Yorktown. 

17. Tell the story of Governor Nelson's patriotism? 

18. What did the attack on land and water compel Cornwallis to do? 

19. When did he surrender? 

20. And how many men? 

21. What was the result of his surrender? 



Primary History of the Ihiited States. 127 



CHAPTER XXXII. 

PEACE RESTORED — AMERICAN NAVY. 

Treaty of Peace. — England acknowledged the States 
independent, and a treaty of peace was made in 1783. 

Washington Returns to Private Life. — Washington 
issned a farewell address to his soldiers and then disbanded 
the American x\rmy. He himself went gladly back to his 
home in Mount Vernon. He did not take a cent of pay 
for his long and valuable services, but only allowed Con- 
gress to pay his expenses, of which he kept a strict account. 

Boundaries of the United States. — When peace was 
made, England ga\'e up to the States the Northwest which 
had been captured by George Rogers Clarke, and since that 
time had been governed by the State of Virginia. The 
boundaries of the States were, therefore, Canada on the 
north, the Mississippi on the west and Florida on the south. 

American Navy in the Revolution. — The States were 
so poor that they could only put a few ships on the sea, 
and the British had destroyed nearly all of these. 

John Paul Jones. — One ship captain, John Paul Jones, 
performed some gallant feats at sea, and won a great name 
for himself. He had a poor ship, badly armed, which he 
called Bo)i Homme Richard. 

Battle with the "Serapis." — He did not hesitate to attack 
the Serapis^ a fine, well-equipped British man-of-war. The 
ships came so close together that they fired into each 
other's windows. Some of the Richard's gun's burst, and 
she was riddled with shot. The British captain asked 
Jones if he would surrender. " I have just begun to fight," 
he replied, and tied his ship to the SerapiSy which soon 
surrendered. Jones had just time to put his men on her 
when the Richard sank into the waves. This fight was 
seen from the English coast, and gained great reputation 
for Jones. 



128 



Primary History of the United States. 



Washington a Great Soldier and Patriot. — His admi- 
rable management of his small and poorly furnished armies, 
and his skill in detecting and foiling the plans of the 
British generals, showed Washington to be a great soldier. 
He was courageous under defeat, patient and calm when he 
was abused and ill-treated. He had excellent judgment in 
choosing the best men to carry out his plans, and proved 
himself in all things one of the wisest and purest of 
patriots, and a great and good man. 

Virginia's Generosity. — Before the Revolution ended, 









EXTERIOR OF MOl'NT VERNON. 



JIMM 



Virginia made a great present to the new Republic. Mary- 
land refused to sign the Articles of Confederation unless the 
country north of the Ohio, which Virginia owned and gov- 
erned, was to belong to the whole country. 

Gives the Northwest to the Union. — In 1781, Virginia 
ceded the whole vast region to the United States, thus 
giving away by far the largest part of her possessions, and 
Maryland at once signed the compact. This region after- 
wards became the Northwest Territory, and the five States 



Primary History of the United States. 



129 



of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin and Michigan were 
formed out of it, later on. 

QUESTIONS. 

I. When was the treaty of peace made, and the United States acknow- 
ledged independent by England? 

What became of General Washington after the war? 

How much pay did he take for his services? 

What were the boundaries of the United States when peace was 
made? 

Why was the American navy so small during the Revolution? 

6. What shipcaptain made a great name for himself? 

7. What was the name of his ship? 
Describe the battle between the Richard and \.\\^ Serapis ? 
How did Washington prove himself a great soldier? 
How a wise patriot? 
What great present did Virginia make to the Republic before the 

close of the war? 
Why did she do this? 
What States are now formed of the region 

gave away? 



which Virginia thus 



Revolutio narv 
War. 



BLACKBOARD FORM-CHAPTERS XXX, XXXI, XXXII. 

Battle of Camden, South Carolina, 1780. 

Battle of King's Mountain, North Carolina, 17S0. 

Battle of Cowpens, South Carolina, 1781. 

Battle of Guilford Courthouse, North Carolina, 
1781. 

Battle of Eutaw Springs, South Carolina, 1781. 

War transferred to Virginia, 1781. 

French fleet and army joined Washington in 
besieging Cornwallis, 1781. 

Cornwallis surrendered at Yorktown, Virginia, 
1781. 

England acknowledged the United States in- 
dependent, 1783. 

Washington retired to private life, 1783. 

Naval fight between Serapis and Bon Homme 
Richard, I'j'jf). 

Virginia gave the Northwest to the United 
i States, 1 78 1. 

(British oppression and unjust taxation. 
Stamp Act, 1765, 
Tax on tea, 1773. 
r Bunker Hill, 1775. 
Long Island, 1776. 
by I White Plains, 1776. 

1 Brandywine and Germantown, i777- 

Charleston, South Carolina, 1780. 
L Camden, Guilford Courthouse, 1780, 1781. 



Causes of Revolu- 
tionary War. 



Battles won 
British. 



t30 Pri,n„,y History „/ the United States. 



Battles won 
Americans. 



by 



British Generals. 



American Gen 
erals. 



Princeton, 1776. 

Oriskany, 1777. 

Bennington, 1777. 

Saratoga, 1777. 

Kaskaskia, 1778. 

Vincennes, 1779. 

King's Mountain, 1780 

Cowpens, 1781. 
^utaw Springs, 1781. 
L Lornwalhs's surrender, 17S1. 
r Gage. 
I Howe. 
Clinton. 
Burgoyne. 
Cornwall is. 

f Washington. 
' Lincoln. 

Gates. 

Greene. 

Morgan. 
-1 Arnold. 

Schuyler. 

Putnam. 

Sumter. 

Marion. 

Lee. 



^775- 



Primary History of the United States. 131 



PERIOD IV. 
CHAPTER XXXIII. 

THE COUNTRY UNDER THE CONSTITUTION — WASHING- 
TON'S ADMINISTRATION, 1789-1797. 

All Troubles Not Over. — All the troubles of the country 
were not ended when the fighting ceased and England 
acknowledged that the United States was an independent 
nation. 

Debt and Jealousy. — The long years of war had 
destroyed the crops and the cattle, the ships and the trade. 
Nearly everybody was poor and in debt. The government 
owed a great deal of money to France and Germany, and, 
as you have seen, had nothing to pay with. Besides this, 
the States were jealous of one another, and began to make 
laws to suit themselves, which were sometimes hurtful to 
the other States. 

Efforts to Raise Money. — When Congress tried to make 
what we now call a tariff" — that is, lay a duty or tax on cer- 
tain things brought in from other coimtries — some of the 
States refused to pay it and issued paper money for 
themselves. 

Need for Strong Government. — It soon became plain 
that something must be done to establish a good, strong 
government, and Virginia called a convention of the States 
to meet and decide what was best to be done. 

Federal Convention, 1787. — The Federal Convention 
met in Independence Hall, Philadelphia, where the Decla- 
ration of Independence had been signed. There were fifty- 
five members from twelve States — the wisest and best men 
in the land. Rhode Island would have nothing to do with 
it. Among the members were Dr. Franklin, eighty-one 
years old, and General Washington, who was chosen 
president of the assembly. 



132 Primary History of tJic United States. 

Troublesome Questions. — Great differences of opinion 
were soon shown. Some of the members wished for three 
republics, others for one republic with three presidents. 
The larger States thought themselves entitled to more 
power than the small ones, because they had more people. 
The small ones insisted that each should have an equal 
share in the government. 

How They Were Settled. — These difficulties were set- 
tled by having one republic with one president, and a con- 
gress with two separate parts. In the Senate each State, 
large or small, has two members and equal power. The 
House of Representatives is made up of men elected by 
each State in proportion to its population, so that the 
lareer States have more members than the small ones. 

Further Difficulties. — By this time the Northern States 
had sold most of their slaves to the South and had insisted 
on taxing them heavily. The Southern States said that if 
the slaves were taxed they must also be counted among the 
population. After much opposition it was agreed that they 
should be counted as they were taxed, five negroes to be 
held equal to three white men. 

Slave Trade Continued. — Then Virginia and some 
other States wished to stop the African slave trade at once. 
New England and South Carolina opposed this. Carolina 
wanted the Africans to work her crops, and New England 
made a great deal of money by stealing the blacks from 
Africa and selling them in America. So they carried their 
point that the slave trade should go on for twenty years 
longer. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. What troubles were left to the country when the Revolutionary 

War ended? 

2. How did the States feel toward each other? 

3. What is a tariff? 

4. Which State called the Federal Convention? 

5. When and where did it meet? 

6. What State would have nothing to do with it? 

7. Who was the oldest member of it? 

8. Who was chosen president of it? 

9. How did the members differ about the form of government? 



primary History of tJic United States. 133 

10. How did the large and small States differ? 

11. What form of government was chosen? 

12. Where has each State equal power? 

13. Where have the larger States more members? 

14. What had the Northern States done with their slaves? 

15. How was it agreed that the negroes should be numbered? 

16. What States wished to stop the African slave trade at once? 

17. What States opposed this? 

18. Why? 

19. How long was the slave trade to be continued? 



134 Primary History of the United States. 

CHAPTER XXXIV. 

CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT. 

Political Parties. — The strongest differences were 
between the Federalists, who thonght the general govern- 
ment should have almost all the power, and the Anti- 
Federalists, or State Rights Party, who believed that the 
individual States should retain the greater part of it them- 
selves. 

Constitution Adopted, 1787. — At last the difficulties 
were settled, and the convention agreed upon a Constitution 
for the United States. General Washino-ton signed it first, 
and then the delegates from the twelve States. After this 
the States themselves had to ratify the Constitution, which 
then became the highest rule and authority of the United 
States, so far as the powers granted by it were concerned. 
Rhode Island was the last State to agree to it, but she did 
so in 1790. 

The Supreme Court. — Besides the Congress to make 
the laws and the President to see that they were executed, 
the Constitution established a Supreme Court of wise and 
learned men to judge and decide when they were broken. 
These are called the I^egislative, Executive and Judicial 
branches of our government. Many other important mat- 
ters were also regulated by the Constitution. 

Amendments to the Constitution. — It was found neces- 
sary to add to the Constitution. There 
have been fifteen additions or amend- 
ments to it — twelve of them within a 
few years, the other three sixty years 
later. James Madison of Virginia has 
been called the " Father of the Constitu- 
tion," because he did more to prepare 
and establish it than any one else. 
JAMES MADISON. General Washington the First Presi- 

dent. — General Washington was elected the first President, 




Primary History of the United States. 



135 



a new Congress was chosen, and the Constitutional Govern- 
ment begun on March 4, 1789. Washington was inaugu- 
rated in New York City, April 30. 

Difficulties of Washington's Administration. — Wash- 
ington was elected twice, and continued to be President for 
eight years, until 1797. The new nation had many 
troubles in that time. Congress found it very hard to raise 
money in any way which did not give offence to some of 
the States. Part of the army had to be sent to Pennsyl- 
vania to put down an insurrection which broke out there, 
because Congress had laid a tax on whiskey. 




WASHINGTON'S ROOM AT MT. VERNON, SKETCHED AUGUST T9, 1896. 



Indian Outbreaks. — In 1790 there were 4,000,000 people 
in the United States, and numbers of them began to move 
west into the country north of the Ohio. The Indians did 
not want the white people among them, and began to 
annoy and destroy them. They gathered an army and 
defeated General St. Clair in Ohio, with great slaughter.. 
But General Wayne at last subdued them, and forced them, 
to make peace. 

Foreign Trouble. — Besides the trials at home, there 
were others abroad. Engfland and France each tried to? 



136 Primary Histojy of the United States. 

impose on the young- Republic, and force her again into 
war. 

Washington a Great Statesman. — But Washington 
showed himself as wise and strong in peace as he had been 
in war. By prudent use of his authority he prevented 
strife, quieted turmoil, compelled Europe to respect the 
United States, and proved himself a great statesman as 
well as a great general. 

Washington's Death. — Washington refused to become 
President for a third time. He retired to Mount Vernon, 
where he died in 1799, beloved by his country, and 
revered by the whole world. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. Where did the Federalists think that most of the power should be? 

2. How did the State Rights Party differ from them? 

3. When was the Constitution adopted? 

4. Which was the last State to agree to it? 

5. What is the Legislative branch of our government? 

6. The Executive? 

7. The Judicial? 

8. How many amendments have been made to the Constitution? 

9. Who is called the Father of the Constitution? 

10. Who was the first President? 

11. When did the Constitutional Government begin? 

12. How long did Washington continue President? 

13. How many people were there in the country in 1790? 

14. Tell of the Indian fighting in Ohio. 

15. Of the Whiskey Rebellion in Pennsylvania. 

16. What did England and France try to do to the young Republic? 

17. What did Washington show himself to be? 



PERIOD IV— UNDER THE CONSTITUTION. 

BLACKBOARD FORM— CHAPTERS XXXHI, XXXIV. 

Beginning of Con- f Troubles from debt, and jealousy between the- 
stitutional Gov- < States, 

ernment. I Federal Convention, 1787. 

One President, elected by the States. 

Senate, two members from each State. 

House of Representatives, members in proportion 



Form of Govern- 
ment. 



I to population. 



Supreme Court. 



Primary History of tJic United States. 137 

Slave trade. | Allowed to go on until 1808. 

^•, ^- i Adopted, 1787. 

Constitution. | Ratified by the States. 

f Washington first President, 17S9. 

I Vermont became a State, 1791. 
„^ , . ^ -n, • Kentucky a State, 1792. 
Washington Presi- ^ ^^^^^^ inauguration, 1793. 
dent, 1789-1797. Tennessee a State, 1796. 

I A great statesman as well as general. 

[ Died, 1799. 



38 Primary History of the JJjiited States. 



CHAPTER XXXV. 

PRESIDENT ADAMS — ADMINISTRATION OF ADAMS. 

The Next Four Presidents. — The next four Presidents 
were John Adams, of Massachusetts, Thomas Jefferson, 
James Madison and James Monroe, from Virginia. Adams 
was only elected for one term, but the other three were 
each in office for eight years. 

John Adams, 1797- 1801. — Mr. Adams was a strong Fed- 
eralist, who believed that the general government should 
have great power. In a difficulty which arose with France 
he advised Congress to pass laws which many persons 
thought contrary to the Constitution. This made him very 
unpopular. The two political parties were very bitter 
against each other, and the anti-Federalists proved the 
strongest. 

Progress of the Country. — I do not wish to weary you 
with accounts of politics and differences of opinion, but I 
am sometimes obliged to tell you of what the people were 
thinking and doing. Other things are very interesting in 
the progress of the country. 

Sixteen States. — By the end of Washington's adminis- 
tration Vermont, Kentucky and Tennessee had been added 
to the original thirteen States. The population had risen 
to 5,000,000 people. Material development and prosperity 
went on rapidly. 

Increase of Comfort. — The hard coal of Pennsylvania 
came into use, as well as the soft coal of that State and of 
Virginia and New Jersey, and people could make their 
houses warm in winter more cheaply and easily. As the 
country grew larger, good roads for traveling were needed, 
and turnpikes were made from different points. 

Moving the National Capital. — General Washington 
had chosen a place for the national capital, and while Mr. 



Primary History of the United States. 139 

Adams was President the government moved from Phila- 
delphia to Washington City. It was a straggling village, 
surronnded by forests and marshes. Mrs. Adams's coach- 
man lost his way in the woods while driving his mistress 
from Baltimore to Washington. 

Whitney's Cotton- Gin. — The Americans invented many 
machines, even in those early days. HH Whitney's cotton- 
gin is the most famous of these. It took a woman a whole 
day to pick one pound of cotton free from the hard black 
seeds. Whitney's gin cleaned hundreds of pounds with 
less trouble. Cotton grows in the Southern States, and 
negro labor was important to cultivate it. New England 
set up factories to spin and weave it, and also brought in 
the Africans to till it, so she w^as willing for the South to 
have all the slaves she wanted. 

Increase of Education. — The number of schools and 
colleges also increased. Printing presses were found every- 
where, and hundreds of newspapers were published. Under 
the Constitution every man could worship God as he 
pleased, and the different churches grew and flourished. 
Sunday schools were opened all over the land, and traveling 
preachers carried the gospel to the most distant settlements. 

QUESTIONS.. 

1. Who were the next four Presidents? 

2. For how long was Adams elected? 

3. Each of the other three? 

4. What made Mr. Adams very unpopular? 

5. What three States had been added under Washington's adminis- 

tration? 

6. What enabled the people to live in more comfort? 

7. To get about with more ease? 

8. When did Washington become the national capital? 

9. What sort of a place was it at first? 

10. Tell of Whitney's cotton-gin. 

11. What effect did it have on the slave trade? 

12. Tell of the increase of education. 



140 Primary History of the Uniied States. 



CHAPTER XXXVI. 

JEFFERSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 

Jefferson the Third President, 1801-1809. — You remem- 
ber that Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence. 
He was a great statesman, and a wise and learned man. 
He was a true Democrat and thought the States should 
preserve their rights, and the people govern themselves, 
but that the majority should never tyrannize over the 
minority. 

Purchase of Louisiana. — Jefferson did great things for 
the country. He bought from France for $15,000,000 all 
the land she claimed on both sides of the Mississippi. Out 
of this region the present States of Louisiana, Mississippi, 
and most of Alabama, were formed, as well as all the States 
and Territories between the Mississippi and the Rocky 
Mountains, and the Northwest as far as the Pacific Ocean. 

Lewis and Clarke Explore the Northwest. — Congress 
allowed Mr. Jefferson to send and explore this great new 
purchase. Two of his Virginia neighbors, Meriwether 
Lewis and William Clarke, led an expedition up the Mis- 
souri across many snowy mountain ranges, and among the 
wild Indian tribes. They passed down the rivers which 
bear their names, into the Columbia, and then to the Pacific 
Ocean. It was more than two years before they got back 
to St. Louis to tell of their great discoveries. 

New England Opposes Buying Louisiana. — New Eng- 
land was averse to the purchase of Louisiana because she 
thought it would increase the number and power of the 
Southern States. Some of the people there even threat- 
ened to secede from the Union and set up a separate 
republic. 

War with Tripoli. — England and France both tried to 
make trouble with the United States in various ways, but 
the only real war in Mr. Jefferson's time was with Tripoli. 



Primary History of the United States. 



141 



Piracy of the Barbary States. — The Barbary States 
were great pirates, and required that every ship which 
sailed into the jMediterranean should pay them a tribute. 
Instead of paying this money to Tripoli, Mr. Jefferson sent 




STATUE OF JEFFERSON. 

a fleet under Commodore Preble to chastise the Barbary 
States. 

Decatur and the " Philadelphia." — The United States 
frigate Philadelphia, in chasing one of the pirate vessels. 



142 Primary History pf the United States, 

ran aground and fell into the hands of the pirates. To 
prevent their using her, I^ieutenant Stephen Decatur and a 
party of seamen sailed a small boat into the harbor of Tri- 
poli and burned the Pliiladelphia. 

Ohio the Seventeenth State. — Ohio was part of the land 
given by Virginia to the United States. It had been agreed 
that slavery was not to be permitted there, and Ohio was 
the first of the States which never held slaves. 

Close of Slave Trade, 1808. — I have told you of the 
agreement that the slave trade should go on until this year. 
Mr. Jefferson and many other Southern men were greatly 
opposed to it, and were very glad when Congress decided 
that it should cease in the United States. 

Fulton's Successful Steamboat, 1807. — Twenty years 
before this time, John Fitch, from Connecticut, and James 
Rumsey, in Virginia, had both made boats which were 
moved by steam. Robert Fulton improved upon their 
work and made a boat which proved a complete success, 
and led the way to steam travel on all the waters of the 
world. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. Who was the third President? 

2. What sort of a man was he? 

3. What great purchase did he make from France? 

4. What States lie in this region? 

5. Who explored the great Northwest? 

6. Where are the rivers which bear their names? 

7. Why did New England oppose the purchase of Louisiana? 

8. Wliat did she threaten to do? 

9. What was the only real war in Mr. Jefferson's time? 

10. Why did he send a fleet against Tripoli? 

11. Tell of Decatur and the frigate Philadelphia. 

12. Which was the seventeenth State? 

13. How did it differ from all the rest? 

14. What important event happened in 1808? 

15. When and by whom was the first successful steamboat made? 



BLACKBOARD FORM— CHAPTERS XXXV, XXXVI. 

f John Adams inaugurated, 1797. 
John Adams, Presi- J Population, 5,000,000, 1800. 
dent, 1797-1801. j Capital at Washington, 1800. 

1^ Education and comfort increased steadily. 



Primary History of the United States. 143 

f First inauguration, 1801. 
Ohio became a State, 1802. 
Louisiana purchased, 1803. 
Jefferson, Presi- ' War with Tripoli, 1803. 
dent, 1801-1809. I Lewis and Clarke explored the Northwest, 1804. 
Second inauguration, 1805. 
I Fulton's steamboat, 1807. 
[Slave trade abolished, 1808. 



144 Priinary History of the United States. 



CHAPTER XXXVII. 

MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION, 1809-1817. 

A Troubled Time. — The eight years of Madison's rule 
was a stormy time. I have told you that England was 
constantly making trouble after the close of the Revolu- 
tion. She claimed the right to stop American ships on 
the sea and search them, and often took away their sailors, 
declaring that they were Englishmen. This interfered 
greatly with American commerce. 

Indian War in Ohio. — She also stirred up the Indians 
in the Northwest, and at last fierce war broke out there. 
The Indians were led by their chief Tecumseh and his 
brother Elkswatawa, or the Prophet. General William 
Henry Harrison raised an army and marched against the 
Indians and defeated them in the battle of Tippecanoe, 
where the Prophet commanded them. 

War With England Necessary. — Presidents Washing- 
ton and Jefferson had tried in peaceful ways to avoid war 
with England. She went on stopping American ships, 
and taking their best sailors, on pretense that they were 
Englishmen, and the United States determined to fight 
for their rights on the sea as they had done on land. Only 
New England was opposed to the w^ar, because it would 
interfere with her commerce. 

War Declared. — War was formally declared in June, 
181 2, and lasted for two years and eight months. There 
was fighting both on land and sea. The British navy was 
the finest in the world. The Americans had not a great 
many warships, but they were good vessels, manned b>' 
stout sailors, and they won brilliant victories over the 
British ships. 

American Ships Victorious. — The first naval victory 
was gained by the American ship Constitution under Cap- 
tain Hull, which captured the English frigate Gtierrierc^ 



Primary History of the United States. 



145 



after a hard fight of two hours. No British frigate had 
ever surrendered before. The same Constitution^ " Old 
Ironsides," afterwards took another frigate, \\\^Java. Cap- 
tain Stephen Decatur, in his ship the United States^ 
brought the Macedonian as a prize into Newport. 

Lawrence Defeated by the " Shannon." — Captain 




o^ii?. 




j,^'^1^?fM.T0HeAV£.>^ 






£-^> V7 



Lawrence, with the Hornet, captured the British Peacock, 
and was then given command of the frigate Chesapeake, 
which he fought against the British frigate Shannon. He 
was soon mortally wounded, and although with his dying 



10 



146 Primary History of the United States. 

breath he called out, " Don't give up the ship," the Chesa- 
peake was forced to surrender. 

Perry's Victory on Lake Erie. — England was much 
surprised that her ships should ever be conquered, and the 
United States were very proud of their successes. There 
was a British fleet in I^ake Erie, and Captain Oliver Perry 
was directed to do what he could to destroy it. Perry had 
to build his own vessels. After much difficulty in getting 
them ready, he sailed to meet the British fleet. Perry's 
own ship was soon disabled, but he got into a little boat, 
with his flag in his hand, rowed to the next best ship, and 
fought the battle so well that in two hours he won the 
victory. " We have met the enemy and they are ours," 
was the message he sent to General Harrison, commanding 
on the land. Other captures were made at sea, but I have 
not time to tell you of them all. 

British Victories on Land. — Most of the land battles, 
in this war, were fought in or near Canada. During the 
first year, the success was on the British side. General 
Hull surrendered his garrison at Detroit, and the whole of 
Michigan, to the English general, Brock, and his Indian' 
ally Tecumseh. Part of General Harrison's army, 1000 
strong, was surprised by a British and Indian force, at the 
Raisin River, and many of them were tortured and slain 
by the savages. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. What right did England claim on the sea? 

2. Where did she stir up war? 

3. Who was the Indian chief? 

4. Who defeated the Indians in the battle of Tippecanoe? 

5. Why did the Americans determine to fight with England? 

6. Why was New England opposed to the war? 

7. When was war declared? 

8. How long did it last? 

9. Tell of the victory of the Co7istitution over the Giierriere. 

10. Of victories won by other United States ships. 

11. Of Lawrence's defeat. 

12. Were his last words obeyed? 

13. Where did Perry win a great naval victory? 

14. Where did he get his ships? 

15. Tell of the battle? 

16. Where were most of the land battles of this war fought? 

17. Which side was successful during the first year? 



Primary History of the United States, 



HI 



CHAPTER XXXVIII. 




WAR OF l8l2, CONTINUED. 

Battle of the Thames. — After Perry captured the 
British fleet, General Harrison pressed 
forward into Canada. His army was in- 
creased by volunteers from Ohio and 
Kentucky. Perry took the soldiers across 
the lake in his own and the captured 
vessels and, on October 6, 1813, Gen- 
eral Harrison won a fine victory over the 
English and Indians on the river Thames. 
HARRISON. Tecumseh was killed, the power of the 

Indians was broken, and Michigan was recovered by the 
United States. 

Chippewa and Lundy's Lane, 1814.— Further American 
victories were won, at Chippewa and "~ 

Lundy's Lane near Niagara, by Generals 
Jacob Brown and Winfield Scott against 
the British general, Drummoud. 

Further Efforts of the British. — The 
British now sent their ships to ravage the 
American coast, and also ordered an 
army of 12,000 men to advance into New York by the 
route Burgoyne had taken in the Revolution. This was 
met at Plattsburg by General McComb. 

McDonough's Victory, 1814. — The English captain, 
Downie, at the same time, attacked the smaller American 
fleet on Lake Champlain expecting to overcome it easily. 
When Captain McDonough saw the British vessels ap- 
proaching, he kneeled down and prayed that God would 
give him the victory. He and his sailors then fought des- 
perately and forced the British ships to surrender. The 




GENERAL SCOTT. 



148 



Primary History of the United States. 



British general, Prevost, at once fell back before McComb, 
and withdrew into Canada, leaving- his wounded men and 
all his guns and stores behind him. 

Burning of Washington. — A British fleet sailed up the 
Potomac and landed 5000 men who marched to Washing- 
ton, where they burned the Capitol and other public build- 
ings, and many private houses. Baltimore was saved by 
the guns at Fort McHenry. 

The War in the South. — Tecumseh had stirred up the 
Indians in the South, who committed bloody deeds against 
the whites. At Fort Minims, in Alabama, the Creeks 
attacked the settlers who had fled thither for protection, 
set the fort on fire and butchered or roasted 400 of them. 
Horseshoe Bend. — The whites in the neighboring 
States at once collected an army for de- 
fence, and General Andrew Jackson de- 
feated the red men at Horseshoe Bend, 
killed their leader and broke their power. 
New Orleans Fortified. — The British 
now sent a strong army against Louisiana. 
General Jackson took command at New 
Orleans, and gathered all the soldiers he 
ANDREW JACKSON. Qould gct froui Louislaua, the other 
Southern States, and Kentucky. He 
threw up breastworks of cotton bales 
and swamp mud, to protect his men. 

Battle of New Orleans, 1815. — Sir 
Edmund Packenham with 12,000 British 
veterans attacked Jackson's lines on Jan- 
uary 8, 1 81 5. The battle raged for 
hours. Both sides fought valiantly. 
Jackson's inexperienced soldiers and new 
recruits, concealed behind their breast- 
works, did not fire until the enemy came andrew jackson. 
very close, then they mowed them down with their skillful 
rifle-firing. 

Americans Win the Day. — Packenham and other gen- 
erals were killed. Two thousand British soldiers were 





Prhnary History of the United States. 149 

shot down, and Lambert, the surviving general ordered his 
men to retreat. Jackson had won a noble victory, with a 
loss of seventy-five men, only eight on the east side of the 
Mississippi, but he did not feel strong enough to pursue 
the British, who got on their ships and sailed away. 

Close of the War. — This was the last battle of the war. 
Peace had already been made in Europe, before it was 
fought, but there was no telegraph to bring the tidings to 
America. The United States had gained great respect by 
their successes, and England has never again claimed the 
right to take sailors from American ships. 

Decatur Punishes the Barbary States. — After the war 
with England ceased. Commodore Decatur took some of 
the fine war ships into the Mediterranean and captured 
several of the pirate vessels. He then compelled each of 
the Barbary States to give up their American captives, to 
let American vessels alone, and to sign treaties of peace 
with the United States. 

Louisiana and Indiana. — Louisiana became a State in 
1 81 2, and Indiana four years later, in 1816. 



QUESTIONS. 

1. Where did General Harrison win a victory in 1813? 

2. What was the result of it? 

3. What generals won victories at Chippewa and Lundy's Lane? 

4. How many British soldiers were sent into New York? 

5. Who won a great victory on Lake Chaniplain in 1814. 

6. What did McDonough do when he saw the British ships coming? 

7. Tell of the burning of Washington. 

8. Who had stirred up the Indians in the South? 

9. Tell of the butchery of Fort Mimms, 

10. Who defeated the Indians at Horse Shoe Bend? 

11. Tell of Jackson's defence of New Orleans. 

12. Of the battle there. 

13. Who won it? 

14. Was there any more fighting? 

15. What did the United State gain during this war? 

16. How did Commodore Decatur punish the Barbary States? 

17. What were the next two States to come into the Union? 



t50 Primary History qf the United States, 



BLACKBOARD FORM— CHAPTERS XXXVII, XXXVlII. 



Madison, Presi- 
dent, 1809-1817. 



War of 181 2. 



New States. 



< First inauguration, 1809. 

Battle of Tippecanoe, 181 1. 
War with England, 1812. 
English victories on land, 1812. 
American victories at sea, 1812-1813. 
Perry's victory on Lake Erie, 1813. 
Battle of the Thames, 1813. 
Chippewa and Lundy's Lane, 1814. 
McDonough's victory, 1814. 
Battle of New Orleans, 1815. 
i Peace made, 1814. 

(Louisiana, 1812. 
Indiana, 1816. 
Barbary States punished. 



Primary History of the United States. 151 




CHAPTER XXXIX. 

JAMES MONROE, THE FIFTH PRESIDENT, 1817-1825. 

James Monroe, President, 1817-1825. — James Monroe, 
of Virginia, was chosen the fifth Pres- 
ident. He was elected for a second 
term, and so continued in office for 
eight years. These were peaceful 
years. There was so little political 
difference among the people that his 
first term was called " The Era of Good 
Feeling." 

Purchase of Florida. — The United 
States were at peace with all other 
nations, and Qrrew and prospered very 

1 r^ 1 T 1 \ J JAMES MONROE. 

much. General Jackson put down an 

Indian outbreak in Florida, and Mr. Monroe bought Flor- 
ida from Spain, giving in exchange for it the United States 
claim upon Texas, and $5,000,000. 

Steamboats and Wagon Trains. — All the land between 
Canada and the Gulf of Mexico thus belonged to the 
Republic, and several new States were soon formed. 
Steamboats plied on the rivers and lakes. Long trains of 
emigrants moved across the prairies with their clumsy cov- 
ered wagons. Mississippi was admitted to the Union in 
1817 ; Illinois in 1818, and Alabama in 181 9. 

Bad Feeling Between the North and the South. — I told 
you that the first years under President Monroe were full 
of good feeling, but before long a very bad spirit began to 
show itself This arose from different interests in the North 
and the South. 

National Bank and High Tariff. — To pay the debt 
caused by the war with England a national bank had been 
set up, and a high duty or tariff was laid on foreign goods. 



152 Primary History of the United States. 

The Northern people favored both these things, because 
they held stock in the bank and because they wished their 
manufactured goods to be bought and used. The Southern 
people were opposed to both, and found the tariff very op- 
pressive. 

Slavery Question Agitated. — There was even greater 
difference of feeling on the subject of slavery. At first, as 
you have seen, all the States held slaves. Then as the 
negroes did not flourish in the cold climates, they were 
gradually sold to the South. Then the Quakers and those 
who thought like them began to declare that slavery was 
a sin, aud to petition Congress to abolish it. 

Slavery Allowed by the Constitution. — The Constitu- 
tion allowed the holding of slaves as property, and Congress 
in 1793 declared that it had no power to interfere with it. 
You have seen that New England, to make money for her- 
self, combined with South Carolina to prolong the African 
slave trade. 

Increase of Abolitionism. — The Quakers persisted in 
denouncing slavery, and taught many Northern people to 
believe that it was contrary to the Bible. This the South- 
ern people knew was not true, and although many of them 
would have been glad to see slavery come to an end, they 
knew that neither Congress nor the Northern people had 
any right to interfere between them and their slaves. 

Opposition to Missouri. — When Missouri applied to be 
made a State there was a great disturbance. It was part 
of Louisiana, where slavery already existed. The Northern 
politicians were afraid of the South getting too much power 
in Congress, and they said Missouri should not come into 
the Union unless she gave up her slaves, and also that there 
should never be a slave State west of the Mississippi, which 
was entirely contrary to the Constitution. 

Missouri Compromise. — At last the difliculty was set- 
tled by the " Missouri Compromise." Missouri was allowed 
to become a State and retain her slaves, on condition that 
no more slavery should be permitted north of her southern 
boundary, 36° 30^ This cut off the Southern people from 



Primary History of the United States. 153 

their lawful right to the great Northwest, and made trouble 
for many years. 

Missouri and Maine. — Maine became a State in 1820, 
and Missouri in 1821. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. Who was the fifth President? 

2. How long did he continue in office? 

3. Why was the first part of his term called the era of good feeling? 

4. What country did he buy from Spain? 

5. How did people now emigrate to the W^est? 

6. What three new States were added in the next two years? 

7. W^hy did bad feeling spring up between the North and the South? 

8. Why did the North favor the national bank and high tariff? 

9. Why did the South oppose them? 

10. On what subject did they differ even more widely? 

11. W^ho began to declare slavery a sin? 

12. Was the Constitution opposed to slavery? 

13. Had not New England kept it up? 

14. What did the Quakers teach many Northern people to believe? 

15. Had anyone any right to interfere with the South? 

16. Why was opposition made to Missouri coming in as a State? 

17. What did the Northern politicians say she must do first? 

18. Was not this contrary to the Constitution? 

19. What was the Missouri Compromise? 

20. From what did it cut off the Southern people? 

21. When did Maine become a State? 

22. Missouri? 



154 



Primary History of the United States. 



CHAPTER XL. 

JOHN QUINCY ADAMS, 1825-1829 ANDREW 

1829-1837. 



JACKSON, 



Adams Chosen by the House of Representatives. — 

The sixth President was the son of the second one. He 
was chosen by the House of Representatives and was never 
popular. He favored a new tariff, which was thought so 
bad that it was called "a bill of abominations." 

Notable Events. — In John Quincy Adams's time the 
Creek Indians were moved from Geor- 
gia to a ''reservation" west of the 
Mississippi, where their descendants 
still are. The two distinguished ex- 
Presidents, John Adams and Thomas 
Jefferson, both died on the fourth of 
July, 1826. Jefferson was eighty- 
three and Adams ninety-three years 
old. 

Andrew Jackson, 1829-1837. — An- 
drew Jackson, " the hero of New 
Orleans," was elected the seventh President by a large 
majority. He was a strong Democrat, who believed in the 
rights of the people. He did not think that the govern- 
ment ought to make roads and internal improvements, and 
vetoed bills passed for that purpose ; and also opposed a 
high tariff to favor American manufactures, and advised 
Congress to lessen the duty on foreign goods which com- 
pelled the Southern people to pay high prices for indifferent 
Northern articles. 

Opposition to the Tariff. — Congress paid no heed to 
General Jackson's advice, but passed a still more oppressive 
tariff in 1832. The whole South was earnest against this, 
but South Carolina took a very strong position. 




JOHN QUINCY ADAMS. 



Primary History of the United States. 



155 



South Carolina Nullifies the Law. — You have read 
that New England had several times threatened to with- 
draw from the Union. South Carolina now took a similar 
stand. Her people met in convention and passed an 
" Ordinance of Nullification." This declared that the 
tariff should not be collected in the State, and that if the 
United States tried to force the State to pay the duties she 
would at once secede from the Union. 

Tariff Compromise. — John C. Calhoun, the great South 
Carolina statesman, Daniel Webster 
and others argued long in Congress 
whether a State had the right to secede. 
General Jackson believed in State rights, 
and disliked the tariff, but it was his 
duty to enforce the laws passed by 
Congress, and he made ready to send 
soldiers against South Carolina. Henry 
Clay, the " Great Pacificator," who had 
brought about the Missouri Compro- 
mise, persuaded Congress to lower the 
tariff. South Carolina lessened her opposition, and the 
President had no cause to use force against her. 

Indian Wars. — There were two Indian wars during 
Andrew Jackson's term of office. One, 
led by Black Hawk in the Northwest, 
was put down by General Atkinson at 
the battle of Bad Axe. Three years 
later the Seminoles in Florida, under 
the guidance of Osceola, fought the 
United States troops for two years. 
At one time they surrounded and slew 
Major Dade and all his no soldiers 
except one man. Colonel Zachary 
Taylor at last defeated the Seminoles 
and they were sent across the Mississippi. 

Arkansas and Michigan. — iVrkansas became a State in 
1836, and Michigan in 1837. 




DANIEL WEBSTER. 




ZACHARY TAYLOR. 



156 Priinary History of the United States, 

QUESTIONS. 

1. Who was the sixth President? 

2. Did the people like liiiu? 

3. What tariff did he favor? 

4. Tell of the removal of the Creek Indians. 

5. Who died on the fourth of July, 1826? 

6. How did Andrew Jackson become President? 

7. To what measure was he opposed? 

8. Did Congress heed his advice about the tariff? 

9. What part of the country was opposed to the high tariff? 

10. What section had frequently threatened to secede? 

11. What Southern State now took a similar stand? 

12. What was the Ordinance of Nullification? 

13. Who argued in Congress whether a State had the right to secede? 

14. Why did General Jackson prepare to send soldiers against South 

Carolina? 

15. Who persuaded Congress to lower the tariff? 

16. How did this relieve the trouble? 

17. What two Indian wars occurred in Andrew Jackson's time? 

18. Who fought the battle of Bad Axe? 

19. Who was the Seminole chief in P'lorida? 

20. Tell of Dade's massacre. 

21. Who defeated the Seminoles? 

22. What two States came in, in 1836 and 1837? 



BLACKBOARD FORM— CHAPTERS XXXIX, XL. 

f "Era of good feeling. " 
Florida purchased, 1819. 
-, T. -J 4- North and South disagreed on the National 

i'8f;-i8?. ^ ^^"^' ^^^ ^""''^ and Slavery. 

' ^* North opposed to Missouri coming into the 

Union. 
Missouri Compromise, 1S20. 
Mississippi, 1817. 
Illinois, 1818. 
New States. \ Alabama, 18 19. 

Maine, 1820. 
Missouri, 1821. 

John Adams and Thomas Jefferson died July 4, 
1826. 
John Ouincy 
Adams, Presi- -i Political troubles, 
dent, 1825-1829. 



;M 



Andrew Jackson, 
President, 1829- 

1837. 



Democrat, opposed to a high tariff. 
South Carolina nullified the law, 1832. 
Tariff Compromise, 1832. 
Black Hawk War, 1832. 
Florida War, 1835, 



New States I Arkansas, 1836. 

New States. | Michigan, 1837. 



Primary History of the United States 157 



CHAPTER XLI. 

MARTIN VAN BURKN, WIIvUAM HENRY HARRISON, JOHN 
TYLER, JAMES K. POLK. 

The Eighth President, 1837-1841. — Martin Van Bnren 
of New York was President after Andrew Jackson. Dur- 
ing his four years there was great money trouble in the 
country, and much political quarreling. For years, as the 
country seemed growing and prosperous, the merchants, 
the farmers, the banks, and everybody had been doing 
business on credit. By this time most people were in 
debt, and there was not money enough to pay the debts 
off. What is called " a panic " came on. Merchants and 
banks failed, and there was great distress. 

Political Doings. — The abolitionists went on attacking 
the Southern States, and making such a stir that at last 
the United States Senate and Representatives each passed 
resolutions which declared that, under the Constitution, 
the Southern States had a right to hold slaves, and that 
Congress ought not to interfere with them. 

Railroads and Steamships. — Steam cars came into use 
while Jackson was President, and now steamships began to 
cross the ocean. But neither the trains nor the vessels 
went as fast as they do now. 

William Henry Harrison, 1841. — General William 
Henry Harrison, of Ohio, " Old Tippecanoe," as the peo- 
ple liked to call him, was the ninth President. His in- 
auguration was on a stormy day, and the old general took 
a severe cold from which he died, on April 4th, just one 
month after it. 

John Tyler, 1841-1845. — John Tyler, of Virginia, who 
was Vice-President, became President as soon as General 
Harrison died. As he was put into office by accident, 




158 Primary History of the United States. 

some people called him " His Accidency," instead of 
" His Excellency." Mr. Tyler did not 
agree in politics with Congress and 
the Whig party which had elected 
him. He vetoed several bills which 
Congress passed, hoping to relieve 
some of the money troubles, and also 
two high tariff bills. 

Important Events of Tyler's Time. 
— Dorr's Rebellion in Rhode Island 
made a great stir. That State was 
governed by the old charter of the 
JOHN TYLER. colouy. No Vl\^\\ couM vote unless he 

owned property. Dorr and his followers rebelled against 
this law, and set up a new government. Fortunately the 
trouble was quieted without bloodshed, and a better law 
was made. 

Ashburton Treaty. — In Tyler's time, too, Daniel Web- 
ster and Lord Ashburton made a treaty which settled the 
boundaries between Maine and Canada, about which there 
had been a great deal of squabbling. 

Annexation of Texas. — Far more important than all 
other deeds of the time was the annexation of Texas. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. Who succeeded Andrew Jackson as President? 

2. Why was there great money trouble in his time? 

3. Who continued to stir iip political strife? 

4. What resolutions did Congress pass on this subject? 

5. What new modes of travel had come into use? 

6. Why did the people call the ninth President ' * Old Tippecanoe' ' ? 

7. How long was he President? 

8. Who was the tenth President? 

9. How did he come into office? 

10. How did he show that he differed with Congress? 

11. Where did Dorr's Rebellion take place, and why? 

12. What was the Ashburton Treaty? 



Primary History of the United States. 



159 



CHAPTER XLII. 



THE STORY OF TEXAS. 

Texas Resolves to Become Independent. — Texas had 
once belonged to France, and then passed into the power 
of Spain, and became part of Mexico. It had a fine cli- 
mate and soil, and many persons from the United States 
settled there. When there were 20,000 of them they would 
not submit to the oppressions of the Mexican laws, but 
set up an independent government for themselves. To 
do this they made a revolution and fought some bloody 
battles. 

Siege of the Alamo. — You may still see in the city of 
San Antonio the famous fort of the Alamo. Here the 
Mexican general, Santa Anna, with 4000 soldiers, besieged 
172 Texans for eleven days. When the little garrison was 
at last overpowered, every one but a woman, a child and a 
servant was put to death Not long after this Santa Anna 
had 300 surrendered prisoners massacred at Goliad. 

San Jacinto. — The brave Texans could not submit to 
these cruelties. They flocked to Gen- 
eral Sam Houston, of Virginia, who 
was their commander-in-chief., Houston 
fell back a long distance until he had 
his enemies where he wanted them, on 
the plain of San Jacinto. 

The Mexicans Defeated. — Here he 
fought and defeated the Mexican army, 
which was twice as large as his own, on 
April 12, 1836. The Americans en- 
couraged each other by crying out, Houston. 
" Remember the Alamo ! " " Remember Goliad ! " and 
killed or captured nearly all the Mexicans. Santa Anna 
had his leg shot off and was taken prisoner. 




This victory 



i6o Prhiiary History of the United States. 

secured the independence of Texas. It became a sepa- 
rate republic, and made General Houston the first presi- 
dent. 

Annexation of Texas, 1845. — -^ large immigration from 
the United States followed the independence of Texas, and in 
Mr. Van Buren's time the people had asked to be annexed 
to the United States. Van Buren would not agree to it, 
but Mr. Tyler thought it would be a good thing. The 
election for a new President turned upon the question, the 
Democrats being in favor of receiving Texas, and the 
Whigs against it. 

The North Opposed to Annexation. — The Northern 
States were especially bitter against it, because they thought 
the South would acquire more power by it, and they wished 
to keep control of the government. Congress, however, 
voted for the annexation, and Mr. Tyler signed the bill 
making Texas one of the States of the Union. 

Florida, 1845. — Florida also became a State just before 
Tyler's term of office expired. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. What was the most important deed of the time? 

2. To what European countries had Texas formerly belonged? 

3. What American country did it become part of? 

4. Why did many people from the United States settle there? 

5. Why did they set up an independent government for themselves? 

6. Where is the fortress of the Alamo? 

7. Tell of the siege of the Alamo. 

8. Of the massacre at Goliad. 

9. Who was the Texan commander-in-chief? 

10. To what place did he retreat before his enemies? 

11. When was the battle of San Jacinto fought? 

12. Who was the Mexican commander? 

13. How did the Americans encourage each other? 

14. What was the result of the fight? 

15. Who was the first president of Texas? 

16. What followed the independence of Texas? 

17. What did the people ask? 

18. What party favored the annexation of Texas? 

19. What party was against it? 

20. Why did the Northern States especially oppose it? 

21. In what year was Texas annexed and Florida made a State? 



Primary History of the United States, i6i 



BLACKBOARD FORM— CHAPTERS XLI, XLII. 

f Great money troubles. 
Van Buren, Presi- J Steamboats, steam-cars and steamships used, 
dent, 1837-184 1. j Congress declared that it had no right to inter- 
[ fere with slavery. 



Harrison and Ty- 
ler, Presidents, 
1841-1845. 



Harrison died, 1841. 
Tyler inaugurated, 1841. 
Dorr's Rebellion, 1842. 
Texas independent, 1836. 
Annexed to the United States, 1845. 
^ Florida a State, 1845. 



H 



1 62 Primary History of the United States. 




CHAPTER XLIII. 

JAMES K. POLK — THE MEXICAN WAR. 

Polk, 1845-1849. — James K. Polk, of Tennessee, became 
the eleventh President on March 4, 
1845. ^^ ^^^ elected by the Demo- 
crats, and his term was full of interest- 
ing events. 

Dispute Over Texan Boundaries. — 
The boundary between Mexico and the 
new State of Texas was properly the 
Rio Grande. But Mexico said she 
would only give up the country north of 
the Nueces River. Texas was now part 
JAMES K. POLK. ^f ^|-^g Uuitcd Statcs, and President 
Polk sent an army of 5000 men to hold the country be- 
tween the two rivers. 

The Mexican War. — The Mexicans did not like to have 
American soldiers on the disputed territory and soon at- 
tacked them. This was the beginning of the Mexican War. 
The United States was much aroused, and troops were soon 
gathered to move against Mexico. Two-thirds of these 
soldiers were from the Southern States. 

Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma. — General Zachary 
Taylor fought the Mexican general. Arista, who had twice 
as many men as the American army, and defeated him so 
severely at Palo Alto one day, and the next at Resaca de la 
Palma, that he retreated across the Rio Grande. 

Three Armies Against Mexico. — Three separate armies 
were now sent against Mexico. General Taylor was to 
cross the Rio Grande ; General Scott was to land his men 
at Vera Cruz and march against the City of Mexico ; and 
General Kearney was ordered to cross the mountains and 



Primary History of the United States. 163 

plains, and seize the northern part of Mexico which is now 
California and New Mexico. 

Taylor's Victories. — General Taylor captured Monterey 
and several other IMexican cities, although the troops de- 
fending them w^ere twice as many as his own. General 
Santa Anna, who had been defeated by Houston at San 
Jacinto, heard that General Taylor had sent some troops to 
General Scott. He therefore marched against Taylor with 
20,000 men. The American army had only about 5000, 
and Santa Anna summoned it to surrender. "General 
Taylor never surrenders," was the bold reply. 

Battle of Buena Vista. — Santa Anna then attacked the 
little army at Buena Vista. It was a fierce battle, but at 
the most critical time a regiment from Kentucky and one 
from Mississippi under Colonel Jefferson Davis went into 
action. Their rifle firing, and the storm of grape and 
canister shot from the American cannon, drove the Mexi- 
cans back, and when night came they retreated. This 
victory cost the Americans 700 men — the Mexicans 2000. 

Capture of California. — Each of the United States 
armies did valiant deeds. Kearney occupied New Mexico 
and other provinces of Southern Mexico. Before he got 
to California, Captain John C. Fremont, the great explorer 
of the Rocky Mountains and the Far West, had captured 
that region for the United States. Commodore Stockton 
brought an American fleet up just at this time, and enabled 
Fremont to set up an American government there. 

General Scott Takes Vera Cruz. — General Scott bom- 
barded the city and castle at Vera Cruz until they surren- 
dered, March 12, 1847. He landed 12,000 American troops, 
and set out for the City of Mexico. 

Santa Anna Opposes the American Advance. — Santa 
Anna had come to command the forces against General 
Scott. The first fight was at Cerro Gordo. Santa Anna 
had a strong position in the pass, and expected to beat the 
Americans back. Scott's engineers, Lee, McClellan and 
Beauregard, made a road around the steep mountain side, 
and the first thing Santa Anna knew the Americans 



164 Primary History of the United States. 

attacked him in the rear,. and drove him from the pass with 
severe loss. Scott moved on, took Jalapa and Pueblo, and 
then marched toward Mexico by a road which carried him 
to the south of the city. 

Taking of Mexico. — It was a long march, and there 
was bloody fighting. Strong Mexican fortifications were 
stormed and captured at Contreras, Cherubusco and Cha- 
pultepec. This castle was very near Mexico, and, after 
seizing it at the point of the bayonet, the Americans had 
only to force their way into the city gates. A South 
Carolina regiment was the first to enter the Belen Gate. 
By the thirteenth of September, the American army had 
the whole city in possession, just six months after it landed 
at Vera Cruz. 

End of the Mexican War. — The taking the Mexican 
capital ended the war. When peace was made, Texas, 
New Mexico, Arizona and California were ceded to the 
United States. For the last three, we had to pay $15,- 
000,000. 

Iowa, 1846 ; Wisconsin, 1848. — Iowa was made a State 
in 1846, and Wisconsin in 1848. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. Who elected James K. Polk the next President? 

2. What war was fought during his term? 

3. Why did President Polk send an army to Texas? 

4. Who began the Mexican War? 

5. Where did two-thirds of the United States soldiers come from? 

6. Who commanded them? 

7. What victories did General Taylor win over the Mexican army ? 

8. How many armies were now sent against Mexico? 

9. What Mexican cities did General Taylor capture? 

10. What Mexican general came against him with 20,000 men? 

11. How many men did Taylor have? 

12. What did General Taylor say when summoned to surrender? 

13. Tell of the battle of Buena Vista. 

14. What troops saved the day for Taylor? 

15. Who captured California for the United States? 

16. What general captured Vera Cruz? 

17. How many American troops did he land? 

18. Who opposed his advance? 

19. Tell of the fight at Cerro Gordo, 



Primary History of the United States. 165 

20. In what direction did Scott move against the city of Mexico? 

21. Was there any fighting on the way? 

22. What had to be captured at Contreras, Cherubusco, and Chapul- 

tepec ? 

23. Where did this last castle stand? 

24. What regiment first entered the Belen Gate? 

25. How long was this after the landing at Vera Cruz? 

26. What territory did the United States gain by the Mexican War? 

27. What States came into the Union in 1846 and 1848? 



1 66 Primary History of the United States. 



CHAPTER XUV. 

TAYLOR AND FILLMORE, 1849-1853. 

The Twelfth and Thirteenth Presidents, 1849-1853. — 

General Zachary Taylor grew so popular during the 
Mexican War that the Whigs elected him President, with 
Millard Fillmore, of New York, Vice-President. Taylor 
died in July, 1850, and Millard Fillmore became the thir- 
teenth President of the United States. 

How the United States Were Growing. — You have 
read how the United States had grown from the thirteen 
colonies along the Atlantic, until they covered the North- 
west, Louisiana and Florida. Texas and the other terri- 
tory gained from Mexico almost doubled the size of the 
Republic, which now stretched across the continent from 
the Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans. 

Gold of California. — California had soon proved herself 
worth very many millions. In 1848, immense quantities 
of gold were discovered there, some in the river sands, and 
some embedded in the solid rocks. Crowds of people from 
all parts of the world soon flocked in, to mine this gold. 

Great Immigration West. — In 1849, 100,000 men went 
from the United States alone to these " gold diggings." 
There were no railroads, and all these people traveled on 
foot or in wagons across the plains or sailed round Cape 
Horn. 

Increase of Wealth and Population. — The gold mined 
in California gave great wealth to the whole country. To 
induce immigrants to settle up the Great West, Congress 
sold tracts of land for almost nothing, and often gave them 
away if people would go and live on them. Foreigners 
began to pour in from all parts of Europe, and soon millions 
came over seeking homes, freedom and wealth. 

Political Strife. — Along with so much prosperity there 
was much political strife. Many of the Northern people 
were determined that the South should not have any share 



Primary History of the United States. 167 

in the new conntry and increased prosperity. Some of 
them were sincere Abolitionists who had persuaded them- 
selves that it was sinful to hold slaves ; but more of them 
wished to destroy slavery because they thought that by 
doing- so they would reduce the Southern States to poverty 
and ruin. 

Wilmot Proviso. — This feeling had grown so strong 
that the House of Representatives several times passed a 
bill saying that no slaves should be allowed in any of the 
new territory west of the ^Mississippi. This bill was con- 
trary both to the Constitution and to the Missouri Com- 
promise which allowed slavery south of 36° 30^, and the 
Senate would not agree to it. 

Injustice to the South. — It was specially hated by the 
Southern people. They knew that slavery was not con- 
trary to the Bible, and that they had an equal right with 
the North in all the property of the government. Southern 
soldiers had done their part in establishing the indepen- 
dence of the country. They had captured the Northwest, 
had driven out the Indians, and gained the victory in the 
War of 1 81 2. Two-thirds of the men who conquered 
"Mexico and won most of the territory in dispute were 
Southern, and they naturally resented the effort to forbid 
their moving into the new lands with their slaves, while 
the crowds of ignorant Europeans were welcomed there. 

The " Omnibus Bill." — The three great statesmen, 
Calhoun, of South Carolina, Webster, of Massachusetts, 
and Clay, of Kentucky, did their best to quiet the ill-feeling 
and stop the quarreling both in Congress and out of it. 
They did not think alike, but all desired peace and har- 
mony in the country. Mr. Clay proposed a bill which was 
called the " Omnibus Bill," because it contained so many 
measures. 

Dissatisfaction Continued. — This bill satisfied few 
people. The North thought it too favorable to the South, 
while the South felt that it was strong against her rights. 
While it was discussed in Congress, Mr. Calhoun and Mr. 
Webster made some of the finest speeches ever heard. In 



1 68 Primary History of the United States. 

spite of opposition on both sides, the 
passed as the best thing to be done. 

California a State, 1850. — California came into the Union 
in 1850, without slavery. 

Solid Prosperity. — After a while the miners bought 
farms and cultivated them, cities were built, law and order 
were established and California had become prosperous in 
every way. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. Who were the twelfth and thirteenth Presidents? 

2. How had the United States grown in size? 

3. When was gold discovered in California? 

4. Whom did this attract to the State? 

5. How did all these people get there? 

6. How did California's gold affect the whole country? 

7. Why was political strife mingled with this prosperity? 

8. What were the Northern people determined the Southern people 

should not have? 

9. What was the Wilmot Proviso? 

10. Why would not the Senate agree to it? 

11. Did the South have an equal right with the North to the property 

of the government? 

12. What special services had Southern soldiers rendered to the country? 

13. Who were the three great statesmen of this time? 

14. What efforts did they make to quiet the disturbance? 

15. Why did the "Omnibus Bill" satisfy neither the North nor the 

South? 

16. When did California become a State? 

17. Tell of her solid prosperity. 



BLACKBOARD FORM— CHAPTERS XLIII, XLIV. 

1 
ie 
1849. 



James K. Polk, ( 
President, 1845- \ Mexican War, 1846 



Battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma, 

1846. 
California captured, 1846. 
Mexican War. \ Buena Vista, 1847. 

Vera Cruz taken, 1847. 
Mexico taken, 1847. 
Peace made, 1848. 

New States / ^°^^' ^^^6. 

p^ew btates. <^ Wisconsin, 1848. 

ToT7i^t- A -p-ii r Gold found in California, 1848. 

more Presidents ^'^^^ emigration to California, 1849. 

ri. t-'r^r I Political strife between the North and South. 

1049 1553. [^ California a State, 1850. 



Primary Histojy of the United States. 169 



CHAPTER XIvV. 

FRANKLIN PIERCE, THE FOURTEENTH PRESIDENT, 1853- 

1857- 

New Political Parties. — There were now three political 
parties in the country — the Democrats, the Whigs and 
the Free-Soil party. In the next four years the Whigs 
became " Know-Nothings," or the Native American Party, 
and the Free-Soil men took the name of Republicans. 

Election of Mr. Pierce. — The Democrats were strong 
enough to elect Franklin Pierce, of New Hampshire, but 
they could not quiet the agitation in the country. 

The " Irrepressible Conflict." — What one of the North- 
ern leaders called the "irrepressible conflict" between the 
North and the South had begun, and grew more violent 
every year, so that Mr. Pierce's four years as President 
were a stormy time. 

Personal Liberty Laws.— One clause of the Omnibus 
Bill had decreed that slaves escaping to free States must 
be restored to their owners. The Abolitionists set this 
law at defiance, and many States passed what were called 
" Personal Liberty Laws," contrary to it ; thus nullifying 
the laws of Congress, which South Carolina had only 
threatened to do. 

Kansas-Nebraska Bill. — This bill allowed the men in 
the territories of Kansas and Nebraska to settle the ques- 
tion of slavery for themselves. The Northern people be- 
came furious at this. They hurried numbers of men to 
Kansas to vote against slavery, and took up collections in 
the churches to furnish them with rifles which they called 
" Kansas Bibles." 

Terrible Times in Kansas. — Men from Missouri also 
crowded into Kansas. Riot and bloodshed broke out 
there. The settlers all went armed and pitched battles 



170 Primary History of the United States. 

were fought between those opposed to slavery and those 
in favor of it. One fanatical leader, John Brown of Ossa- 
watoniie, headed parties of Abolitionists who attacked 
and murdered their slaveholdino- neiohbors at nio-ht. 

What Science Was Doing. — All this turmoil and un- 
rest did not check the discoveries and improvements made 
by science. During this period chloroform and ether, to 
relieve pain, came into great use. 

Noble Work of Matthew F. Maury. — This naval offi- 
cer, a Virginian, was, perhaps, the greatest benefactor of 
his time. He saved thousands of lives and much money 
every year, by his maps of the currents in the sea, and 
those in the air which we call winds. 

Currents in the Sea. — The way in which he made 
these maps is very interesting. He persuaded the govern- 
ment to direct sea-captains to drop overboard, from time 
to time, bottles in which was sealed up a parchment tell- 
ing where and when the bottles were dropped. Whoever 
picked up one of these floating bottles wrote down the 
time and place at which it was found. This told the 
direction of the current which had borne it alone. 

Direction of the Winds. — The ship-captains were also 
to make notes every day of the strength and direction of 
the wind, and everything else they saw. They sent up 
from time to time, little flags marked with their place and 
time of their departure, and whoever 
found one of them wrote it down. All 
the log-books were sent to the Naval 
Bureau at Washington, and by comparing 
them Maury made his famous "wind and 
current " charts which were soon adopted 
by all civilized nations. 

Submarine Plateau. — Maury also found 
out that there was a plateau under the sea 
J. M. BROOKE, between Newfoundland and Ireland, and 
thought a telegraph might be laid there. 

Brooke's Deep-Sea-Sounding Apparatus. — One of 
Maury's assistants, John Mercer Brooke, of Virginia, in- 




Primary History of the United States. 171 

vented an instrument which brought up materials from the 
bottom of the ocean. The most tiny and delicate shells 
were found on the submarine plateau, which showed that 
the water there was calm and still. 

First Ocean Telegraph. — Englishmen and Americans 
then set to work to lay the first ocean telegraph. It was 
in working order in 1858, and Cyrus Field said of it, 
" England furnished the money, Maury the brains, and I 
did the work." 

QUESTIONS. 

1. What were the three political parties in the country at this time? 

2. Which of them elected P'ranklin Pierce? 

3. Why were Mr. Pierce's four years a stormy time? 

4. What was the ' ' irrepressible conflict' ' ? 

5. What had the "Omnibus Bill" decreed must be done with slaves 

escaping to free States? 

6. How did the "personal liberty" laws nullify this decree? 

7. What question were the settlers in Kansas and Nebraska allowed to 

settle for themselves? 

8. Wliat did the Abolitionists do about this? 

9. What were the "Kansas Bibles"? 

10. What slaveholders crowded into Kansas? 

11. Tell of the terrible times there. 

12. What did John Brown do? 

13. What important discoveries were made by science at this time? 

14. Who was, perhaps, the greatest benefactor of his time? 

15. How did he save thousands of lives and much money every year? 

16. How did he find the currents in the sea? 

17. How did he learn the direction of the winds? 

18. Where did Maury find a submarine plateau? 

19. Who invented the deep-sea-sounding apparatus? 

20. How did it prove that the water was calm and still on the subma- 

rine plateau? 

21. When and where was the first ocean telegraph laid? 



172 Primary History of the U7titcd States. 



CHAPTER XLVI. 

JAMES BUCHANAN, 1857-61. 

Another Stormy Administration. — The Democrats 
elected the fifteenth President, as they had done the four- 
teenth, and Mr. Buchanan's four years of office were even 
more stormy than those of Mr. Pierce. 

The Mormons. — One trouble was with the Mormons in 
Utah. These were followers of the false prophet, Joseph 
Smith. Smith professed to have dug up out of the ground 
some gold plates with the " Book of Mormon " engraved 
on them. 

" Land of* the Honey Bee." — Smith taught doctrines 
and practices contrary to the Bible. He allovv'ed the men 
to marry a great many wives, and said a woman had no soul 
unless she was married. People in the several States 
wotild not permit this, and drove the Mormons from one 
place to another. After Smith's death, Brigham Young- 
led the Mormons across the Rocky Mountains to a region 
which he called " Deseret," " The land of the Honey Bee," 
but which others called Utah. 

Trouble with the Mormons, 1857. — When Utah was 
organized into a territory, the Mormons refused to obey some 
of the laws of Congress, and President Buchanan had to 
send part of the United vStates army to compel them to 
do so. 

Strife Between the North and South. — The two great 
sections of the country became more and more hostile to 
each other, and the North seemed determined to drive the 
Sotithern people to desperation. It always insisted on a 
high tariff to protect its manufactures, and continued to 
worry about slavery. Stories and poems were written 
filled with false accounts of Southern life and Southern 
people, and heaping abuse upon them. 



Primary History of the United States. 173 

Dred Scott Decision, 1856. — The question whether, 
under the Constitution, slavery could be kept out of the 
territories, now came before the Supreme Court for the 
first time. That Court is the highest authority in the land, 
and it decided that slave-owners had as much right to carry 
their slaves into the territories as their horses or their house- 
hold goods, and that the government was bound to protect 
them if they did so. Even the Missouri Compromise was 
declared unconstitutional. 

The Abolitionists Enraged. — The opponents of the 
South were greatly enraged by this decision against them, 
and became more violent, in Congress and out, in wniting 
and speaking against the slave-holding States. 

John Brown's Raid. — Violent acts soon followed violent 
talk. John Brown, who had done murderous deeds in 
Kansas, laid a plan to rouse the negroes against their mas- 
ters and furnish them with weapons to kill them. Many 
leading Abolitionists encouraged him, and gave him money 
to buy arms. His first attempt was against Virginia. He 
collected rifles, pistols and clothing for distribution, and 
then, with a small body of men, he seized the United States 
arsenal at Harper's Ferry. He then sent out and captured 
sixty prisoners from the surrounding country, and carried 
off horses, carriages and wagons. 

Brown Captured and Hung. — The negroes did not join 
him, but remained quietly at home, and in his disappoint- 
ment he had several persons put to death. Volunteer sol- 
diers soon marched to Harper's Ferry. One hundred 
United States troops were sent from Washington under 
Colonel Robert E. Lee, and by nightfall Brown was attacked 
and captured in an engine-house where he and his men had 
barricaded themselves. Two of his sons were killed, Brown 
himself and four of his followers were tried for treason and 
murder, and were hung. The Northern people praised him 
for his evil deeds and declared him a hero and a martyr. 
The Southerners considered him a traitor and a murderer. 

Four Candidates Voted For. — When the election came 
on in i860, there were four candidates ; one put up by the 



174 



Primary History of the United States. 



Southern Democrats, one by the Northern Democrats, 
another by the American Party, and a fourth, Abraham 

Lincoln, by the Republicans, who 
were determined to keep the South- 
ern people out of the territories at 
any risk. 

Lincoln Elected, i860. — Lincoln 
received a majority of electoral 
votes, though the people who voted 
for him were a million less than 
those voting for the others. He did 
'^ not carry a single State south of the 
and was thus chosen by 
vStates hostile to the South. He 
awkward, ugly man, of 
plain origin and little education, but he had a good 
mind and a strong character, and was determined to make 
his way in the world. He did his best to improve himself, 
studied law and became a good speaker. He was a violent 
Republican, and favored a high tariff to protect Northern 
manufactures. He thought that the Union was older than 
the States or the Constitution, though the States had formed 
the Union and adopted the Constitution ; and he held that 
the South had no rio;hts in the territories. 




Iff Ohio, 



ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 



QUESTIONS. 



Who was the fourteenth President? 

What sort of a term did he have? 

Who were the Mormons? 

Which of Joseph vSmith's doctrines gave offence? 

How did the people in the other States treat the Mormons? 

6. Where did Brigham Young lead them at last? 

7. Wliv did President Buchanan have to send part of the army to 

'Utah? 

8. Did the North and the South become more friendly? 

9. What was done to anger the Southern people? 

10. What did the Supreme Court now decide the South had a right to 

do? 

11. How did this Dred Scott decision affect the Abolitionists? 

12. What plan did John Brown lay? 

13. Who encouraged him? 

14. What did he do at Harper's Ferry? 



Primary History of the United States, 



^75 



Did the negroes join him? 
What did he do m his disappointment? 
Where did he barricade himself? 
Who attacked and captured him? • 
What became of him? 



15- 
16. 

17. 
18. 

20. How did the Northern and Southern people differ in their 

of him? 
21. 
22. 

23- 
24. 

25- 



opinion 



Who elected the President in i860? 
What were they determined to do? 
By what States was Abraham Lincoln elected? 
Give some account of Abraham Lincoln. 

Which did he think the older, the Union or the States that formed 
the Union? 



BLACKBOARD FORM— CHAPTERS XLV, XLVI. 



Franklin Pierce, 
President, 1853- 
1857- 



Buchanan, Presi- 
dent, 1857-1861. 



Civil War in Kansas, 1855. 

Maury made maps of the winds and the curient: 

of the sea. 
Found the submarine plateau. 
First ocean telegraph, 1858. 

Trouble with the Mormons, 1857. 

Increase of strife between the North and South. 

John Brown's Raid, 1859. 

Abraham Lincoln elected, i860. 



PERIOD IV— UNDER THE CONSTITUTION. 
BLACKBOARD REVIEW— CHAPTERS XXXIII-XLVI. 



Government 
tablished. 



Presidents. 



Es- r Federal Convention, 1787. 
\ Constitution adopted, 1787. 



Washington, eight years. 

John Adams, four years. 

Jefferson, eight years. 

Madison, eight years. 

Monroe, eight years. 

John Quincy Adams, four years. 

Jackson, eight years. 

Van Buren, four years. 

Harrison. 1 r 

^ 1 y four vears. 

Tyler, j - 

Polk, four years. 



vears. 



l^y^""'' } four . 
Fillmore, / 

Pierce, four years. 

I Buchanan, four years. 



176 



Primary History of the United States. 



Increase of 
tory. 



Tet 



American Leaders. 



Mexican War. 
Battles. 



American 
erals. 



Gen- 



American Vic- 
tories, War of 
1812. 



British Victories, 
War of 1812. 



British Leaders. 



Mexican Generals. 



f Northwest tetritory given by Virginia, 1784. 

Louisiana purchased, 1803. 
I Northwest explored, 1804. 
\ Florida purchased, 1809. 

Texas annexed, 1845. 

California taken, 1846. 

Part of Mexico bought, 1848. 

Perry on Lake Erie, 1813. 

The Thames, 181 3. 

Constitution captured Guerriere and Java. 

Chippewa and Lundy's Lane, 1814. 

McDonough on Lake Champlain, 1814. 

New Orleans, 18 15. 

Detroit taken, 1812. 

Raisin River, 1813. 

Raids along the coast, 1814. 

Washingon burned, 1815. 

S/iafinon captured Cliesapeatze. 

Brock. 

Proctor. 

Ross. 

Prevost. 

Packenham. 

Lambert. 

Brooke. 

Clarkham. 
r Harrison. 

Hull. 

Lawrence. 
! Perry. 
I McDonough. 

Scott. 
I Brown. 
L Jackson. 

'' Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma. 

Monterey, Buena Vista. 

Vera Cruz, Cerro Gordo. 

Contreras, Cherubusco. 

Chapultepec. 
^ Mexico seized. 

Taylor. 

Scott. 

Kearney. 

Pillow. 

Worth. 

Wool. 

Ampudia. 
Arista. 
Santa Anna. 



Primary History of the United States. 177 



New vStates. 



Progress and Im- 
provement. 

Machinery and 
Science. 



[ Vermont, 1791. 
j Kentucky, 1792. 
Tennessee, 1796. 
I Ohio, 1802. 
I Louisiana, 1812. 
I Indiana, 1816. 

Mississippi, 1817. 
I Illinois, 1818. 
I Alabama, 1819. 
I Maine, 1820. 
\ Missouri, 1821. 
Arkansas, 1836. 

Michigan, 1837. 

Texas, 1845. 

Florida, 1845. 

Iowa, 1846. 

Wisconsin, 1848. 

California, 1850. 

Minnesota, 1858. 

Oregon, 1859. 
[ Kansas, 1861. 

Population 3,000,000, 178T. 

Population 5,000,000, 1800. 

Population 32,000,000, i860. 

Whitney's Cotton-Gin, 1793. 

Steamboats, 1807. 

Railroads, 183 1. 

Steamships, 1838. 

Wheat-Reaper, 1834. 

Sewing Machines. 

Electric Telegraph, 1844. 

California Gold. 1848. 
y Submarine Cable, 1858. 



12 



178 



Primary History of the United States. 



PERIOD V. 
CHAPTER XLVII. 

civil. WAR AND RECONSTRUCTION — FORMATION OF THE 
SOUTHERN CONFEDERACY. 

Consequences of Lincoln's Election. — Mr. Lincoln was 
elected by the North alone, and was, as I have told you, 
very strong in his opposition to the South. The Southern 
States at once felt that under his rule and that of his party 
they could not hope to retain their rights and independence 
within the Union. 

How the Southerners Regarded the Union. — They 
looked upon the Union as a compact or agreement made 
between the States for their ow^n good, and they now deter- 
mined to withdraw from that compact. You remember 
that New England had several times threatened to secede. 
Seven of the Southern States now exercised their rights 
and did so. 

Secession of the States. — South Carolina was the first. 
Her convention on December 20, i860, passed an '' Ordi- 
nance of Secession," by which the 
State took back into her own hands 
all the powers she had given up to the 
Federal government in 1788. By the 
first of February, 1861, Mississippi, 
Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana 
; and Texas had also severed their con- 
^ nection with the Union. 
' Southern Confederacy Formed. — 
A Congress of the wisest and best 
men in the seceding States met at 
Montgomery, Alabama, and formed 
the Confederate States, with a Consti- 
tution and a government like that of the United States. 




JKFFERSON DAVIS. 



Primary History of the United States. 179 

Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi, was elected President and 
Alexander H. Stephens, of Georgia, Vice-President of the 
new nation. 

Why These Things Were Done.^Yon must not sup- 
pose that these things were done because the Southern 
people and their leaders did not care for the Union. 
They loved it very much and had done everything in their 
power to make it prosperous and strong. But they loved 
their different States, and their rights, even better than the 
Union. For years they had tried in vain to preserve these 
rights in the Union. The loud threats uttered against 
them showed that it had now become impossible to do so, 
and they seceded, feeling it their duty to resume their 
independence. 

Not to Preserve Slavery. — Neither did the South 
secede to maintain slavery. The Constitution of the 
Southern Confederacy forbade the African slave-trade to be 
renewed. It allowed slaves to be carried into all the terri- 
tories, but said that the people in a territory might decide 
whether it should become a free or a slave-holding State. 
These were rights which the Supreme Court of the United 
States had declared they possessed under the United States 
Constitution, and wdiich the Northern people refused to 
permit them to exercise. 

Benefits and Evils of Slavery. — The ignorant, heathen 
Africans had been greatly benefited by their two hundred 
and fifty years of slavery. Thousands and thousands of 
them had become civilized and Christianized as they could 
not have been in any other way. They were the happiest 
and best cared for working people in the world. Their 
owners could not therefore pity them, as the Northern 
x\bolitionists professed to do. There were also many bene- 
fits to the slave-owning whites, but there were likewise 
many evils. ]\Iost of the Southern people felt this, and if 
they had been let alone would have taken steps to get rid 
of it gradually. But they felt that the North had no right 
to interfere with them or dictate to them, and to deprive 
them of their constitutional rights. 



I So Prima7y History of ike United States. 

Different Opinions in the Country. — The seceding 
States had no wish to interfere with the rights of the other 
States or to go to war with them. They tried at once to 
open communications with the government at Washington 
and to settle all questions arising between them peaceably. 
Many people at the North believed that a State had a right 
to secede, and that there was no power in the Federal gov- 
ernment to compel her to return to the Union. Others 
took the ground that the Union must be maintained at all 
risks, and that " a little blood-letting " would be good for 
the South. 

Minnesota, 1858; Oregon, 1859; Kansas, 1861. — These 
new States were made during Mr. Buchanan's term, so 
there was a larger number of Congressmen to vote against 
the South. 

QUESTIONS. 

T. What did the Southern States feel when Mr. Lincoln was elected? 

2. How did they regard the Union? 

3. Which of them seceded at once? 

4. What government did they form? 

5. Who were made President and Vice President? 

6. Why were these things done? 

7. What did the Constitution of the Southern Confederacy forl)id? 

8. Had slavery done any good to the negroes? 

9. Had it done harm to tlie whites? 

10. Did the seceding States wish to interfere with the rights of the 

other States? 

11. What did the Northern people think about secession? 

12. What States came into the Union during Mr. Buchanan's time? 



Primary History of the United States. i8i 



CHAPTER XIvVIII. 

ABRAHAM LINCOLN, 1861-1865 — BEGINNING OF THE WAR 
FOR vSOUTHERN INDEPENDENCE. 

Peaceable Efforts Unavailing. — All efforts to bring 
about a peaceable nnderstanding between the new govern- 
ment and the old one came to nothing. The seceding 
States took possession of the forts within their limits, which 
had been bnilt on ground belonging to them for their de- 
fence, and to support which they had been heavily taxed. 
The forts in Charleston harbor and on the Florida coast 
were the only exceptions, and these the Confederate govern- 
ment hoped to obtain peaceably. 

United States Troops in Fort Sumter. — President Buch- 
anan did not believe that he had any right to coerce the 
seceding States, and South Carolina understood him to say 
that he would not reinforce the small garrison in Charleston 
harbor if she did not interfere with it. By permission from 
Washington, however. Major Anderson took his men in the 
night from Fort Moultrie into the stronger w^orks at Fort 
Sumter, and an effort was made to send him more troops 
and supplies. 

Lincoln's Inaugural Address. — When Mr. Lincoln was 
inaugurated on March 4, 1861, he said that no State could 
"lawfully get out of the Union," and that he would see 
that " all the laws of the Union should be executed in all 
the States." 

The Right of Secession. — Everything about slavery or 
the tariff or the territories was now forgotten in the ques- 
tion whether or not a State had a right to secede. The 
South asserted this right, the North denied it. It was 
plain that the Federal government would come to no peace- 
able agreement with the Southern Confederacy. 

Bombardment of Fort Sumter. — In the meantime prep- 
arations were made by the Washino;ton oovernment to send 




p. G. T. BEAUREGARD. 



182 Primary History of the United States. 

armed vessels to Charleston to reinforce Fort Snniter, and 
the governor of Sonth Carolina was in- 
formed that they would do so, "peaceably 
if they could, forcibly if they must." To 
submit to this would have been to ac- 
knowledge that the United States had the 
right to coerce South Carolina, and to 
place Charleston at the mercy of their 
troops. General Beauregard, commanding 
the Confederate forces, at once summoned 
Major Anderson to surrender, and, when 
he refused, bombarded Fort Sumter and compelled him to 
do so. 

War Begun by the Northern Government. — The firing 
upon Fort Sumter was in self-defence, and the war really 
began when ships of war with troops and arms on board 
approached Charleston. 

Call for Seventy-five Thousand Soldiers. — The day 
after Fort Sumter surrendered Mr. lyincoln called for 75,000 
men to " suppress " the seceded States. The Northern 
governors complied with this demand ; the Southern States 
still in the Union refused to do so. 

Other States Secede. — The idea of attacking their sis- 
ter States was so odious to these States that in a few weeks 
they determined to take part with them. Virginia seceded 
on April 17 ; North Carolina, Tennessee and Arkansas a 
few weeks later. Four slave-holding States, Delaware, 
Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri, never seceded. Dela- 
ware sympathized with the North. The other three tried 
to be neutral, that is to take no part in the war on either 
side, but were taken possession of by the Federal authori- 
ties. 

Advantages Possessed by the North. — Neither the 
United States nor the Confederate States were ready for 
war. But the former had immensely the advantage. They 
had 22,000,000 of people and plenty of money, an army, a 
navy, powder-mills, armories, and manufactories of all sorts. 
Besides these, by professing to fight against slavery and 



Primary History of the United States. 183 

rebellion, they had the sympathy of the civilized world. The 
South, with only 9,000,000 of people, 3,000,000 of them 
negroes, was without an army or navy, had few arms and 
no means of making- them or of producing gunpowder, and 
had few manufactories of any kind, and no currency except 
paper. 

The Confederate Army. — In the character of her officers 
and soldiers the South was fully the equal of her assailants. 
Her sons everywhere eagerly responded to her call for 
defenders, and her armies were commanded by distinguished 
soldiers who left the Federal army to take part with their 
States. 

The Federal Blockade. — Mr. Lincoln took prompt 
measures, and ordered everything to be done which could 
injure the South, whether it was within his constitutional 
authority or not. The most important step was blockading 
the Southern ports by the Federal warships, so that Euro- 
pean or Southern vessels should neither be able to carry 
out cotton nor bring in the supplies so greatly needed. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. Could any peaceable understanding be made between the old gov- 

ernment and the new one? 

2. On what ground did the Southern Confederacy take possession 

of the forts within its limits? 

3. How did they hope to obtain the forts in Charleston Harbor and 

on the Florida coast? 

4. Did President Buchanan think he had a right to coerce the States? 

5. Where did Major Anderson take his men? 

6. What did Mr. Lincoln say in his inaugural address? 

7. What now became the most important question? 

8. What did the North and the South think about it? 

9. W^hy did the Southern Confederacy command the surrender of 

Fort Sumter? 

10. Did the bombardment of Fort Sumter begin the war? 

11. What did Mr. Lincoln now call for? 

12. Who sent him what he asked? 

13. Who refused to do so? 

14. W^hat other States soon seceded? 

15. Why did they do this? 

16. What slave-holding States never seceded? 

17. Why could not Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri remain 

neutral ? 



1 84 



Primary History of the United States. 



i8. What advantages did the North have over the South? 

19. What was the difference in the numbers of their people? 

20. In what respect was the Confederate army the equal of the Fed- 

eral army? 

21. Tell of the Federal blockade. 



PERIOD V— CIVIL WAR AND RECONSTRUCTION, 
BtACKBOARD FORM-CHAPTERS XLVII, XLVIII. 



Secession of South- 
ern States. 



Abraham Lincoln, 
President, 1861- 
1865. 

Civil War. 



' South Carolina, i860, 

MivSsissippi, 1861, 

Florida, 1861. 

Alabama, 1861. 

Louisiana, 1861. 
\ Texas, 1861. 

Southern Confederacy formed, 1861. 

Virginia, 1861. 

North Carolina, 1861. 

Tennessee, 1861. 

Arkansas, 1861. 

Bombardment of Fort Sumter, April, i86r. 
Lincoln called for 75,000 men, April, 1861. 
22,000,000 people at the North. 
9,000,000 people at the South. 
North rich and well supplied. 
South poor and had nothing. 



Primary History of the United States. 185 



CHAPTER XLIX. 

WAR FOR SOUTHERN INDEPENDENCE, CONTINUED, 1 86 1. 

What This Book Can Tell. — In this little History I 
can give you only an outline of the terrible war which had 
begun, and mention briefly the principal battles and events. 

Important Points to be Observed. — Before going into 
the account of the struggle which lasted for four years, I 
wish you to examine carefully the map of the Southern 
Confederacy. Observe that its entire northern border 
was close to the United States. Take notice of its 
long seacoast wliich was mostly unprotected, and ex- 
posed to attacks from hostile vessels. Note also the 
many large rivers running through the Southern States. 
The Mississippi divided the Confederacy into two distinct 
parts, the Tennessee and the Cumberland, the xA.rkansas 
and the Red Rivers flowed for many hundred miles through 
it, while the Potomac, the James, the Cape Fear, the 
Savannah and other rivers offered passage for gunboats 
into the eastern portion of the country. 

Other Things to be Remembered. — I told you in the last 
chapter that the North had 22,000,000 
of white people, the South only 9,000,- 
000 white and black, and m.entioned 
other great advantages possessed by the p 
North. I now tell you again that the & 
South had no desire to injure or make 
war upon the North. She only wished 
to be let alone to exercise the right to 
govern herself. The North denied 
that she had this right, and took up Joseph e. johnston. 
arms to prevent her putting it in practice. 

Preparations for War. — Neither section of the countrv 
realized how great the struggle would be, but both North 




1 86 Primary History of the United States. 

and South made great preparations for it. Armies were 
raised, paper money was issued, cannon, muskets, powder, 
ammunition, wagons, clothing and supplies were manufac- 
tured by the government workshops at the North, and 
large quantities were also brought from Europe. The 
South had no established factories, but set up foundries, 
powder mills, armories and workshops of all sorts as 
soon as possible. With her great territory, her small 
population, and her limited resources, she accomplished 
enough to make the whole world wonder. 

First Bloodshed, 1861. — Fighting was to rage in all 
parts of the South, and bloody battles to be fought in 
widely different places, but the first outbreaks were in 
the eastern part. On the nineteenth of April, the people 
of Baltimore tried to stop the passage through their city 
of Northern soldiers going against the South. The soldiers 
fired into the crowd and killed several persons. 

First Battle of Manassas. — Virginia was close to Wash- 
ington, and the Federal government was anxious to take 
possession of her, and to capture Rich- 
mond, the Confederate capital. For this 
purpose four different armies were sent 
against the State. On July 21, General 
McDowell, with 35,000 well-equipped men, 
attacked the Confederates, not quite so 
strong, under General Joseph E. Johnston 
and General Beauregard, at Manassas, about 
twenty-five miles south of Washington. 
"Stonewall" Jackson.— The fighting 
was desperate and for hours it seemed as if Johnston's wing 
of the Southern army must be surrounded and defeated. 
General T. J. Jackson, afterwards called " Stonewall," 
stood his ground firmly and encouraged his men " to give 
them the bayonet." Obeying this order, the Confeder- 
ates forced their assailants back. Just at this time a 
part of General Johnston's men who had come a long 
distance attacked the Federals on the flank, and drove 
them from the field. 




M'CLELLAN. 



Primary History of the United States. 187 

Rout of the Federal Army. — A panic spread through 
the Northern troops. They left their cannon and wagons, 
threw down their arms, and fled for their lives, never stop- 
ping until they were safely across the Potomac in Wash- 
ington. 

Consequences of the Victory. — This victory gave the 
Southerners many guns and valuable arms, but it en- 
couraged them to de- r ^ 
spise their opponents V 
and to think too highly ! 
of themselves. It caused : 
great rage and shame at 
the North, where peo- [ ^ 
pie made great exer- [ m^'f^^ 
tions to raise other t W 
armies to go and punish f % 
the South. i ^ 

McClellan in West- \ 
ern Virginia. — In Vir- i 
ginia, west of the Al- | 
leghany Mountains, ' 
where many of the peope i 
had come from Pennsyl- f 
vania and Ohio, there [, 
was no liking for seces- 
sion. A Federal army \.. 
sent there under General \ 
McClellan overcame the • >7: ' 

small bodv of Confed- L- _ _ 

crate troops sent against ^- J- ^" stonewai.i.") jackson. 

it, and being helped by the Northern sympathizers, took 
possession of the whole country. 

Other Doings in Virginia, 1861. — Little more fighting 
was done in Virginia this year. General McClellan was 
given command of the troops in Washington, where he 
collected and trained a very large army. General Stone- 
wall Jackson was sent to defend the Valley of Virginia 
with a part of Johnston's army. The rest of the army 



1 88 Primary History of the United States. 

went into winter quarters, to watch McClellan's move- 
ments. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. What only can this little book tell? 

2. Look at the map and tell of the northern boundary of the Southern 

Confederacy, of its long seacoast, and large rivers. 

3. Did the South wish to make war on the North? 

4. What did she wish to do? 

5. Why did the North fight against her? 

6. What preparations did both sides make? 

7. Where was the first bloodshed? 

8. First battle? 

9. How many armies had been sent to Virginia? 

10. When and where was the first battle fought? 

11. Who commanded on each side? 

12. Give some account of the battle? 

13. What did Stonewall Jackson tell his men to do? 

14. Which arni}^ was defeated? 

15. Tell of their retreat to Washington. 

16. What were the consequences of the victory? 

17. Why did General McClellan find it eas}- to take possession of 

Western Virginia? 

18. Who was sent to defend the Valley of Virginia? 



Primary History of the United States. 



CHAPTER L. 

WAR FOR SOUTHERN INDEPENDENCE, CONTINUED, 1861- 
1862 — CAMPAIGNvS IN THE WEST. 

War in Kentucky and Missouri, 1861. — As I told you 
before, Kentucky and Missouri wished to remain neutral 
in the war, but the Federal government would not permit 
it and there were battles in both States. At Wilson's 
Springs in Missouri the Federal general, Lyon, was killed 
and his army was defeated. 

Occupation of Kentucky. — General Albert Sidney John- 
ston was put in command of all the Con- 
federate forces in the West. He estab- 
lished his headquarters at Bowling Green, 
Ky. To keep the Federal gunboats from 
taking possession of the Mississippi River, 
Genei-al Polk occupied Columl3us and 
fortified it so strongly that it was called 
the "Gibraltar of the West." Before 
Polk could seize Paducah also, the Federal 
general, Ulysses S. Grant, established a 
garrison there. 

Battle of Belmont, 1861. — In November, another battle 
was fought in Missouri at Belmont, opposite Columbus. 
General Grant attacked Belmont with his gunboats and a 
land force, but was driven off by General Polk's troops with 
heavy loss. 

Affairs Along the Coast, 1861. — On the Atlantic coast the 
Federal warships and gunboats encountered little opposi- 
tion. Among other places they captured Fort Hatteras in 
North Carolina and Port Royal Harbor in South Carolina, 
both very important for blockade running. They made 
attacks on various other points and kept up a stringent 
blockade. 




LEONIDAS POLK. 



1 90 Primary History of the United States. 

Fort Henry and Fort Donelson, 1862. — The campaigns 
of 1862 opened in the West. To keep the Federal gunboats 
from penetrating into the heart of the South, Fort Henry 
had been built on the eastern bank of the Tennessee River 
and Fort Donelson on the western bank of the Cumberland 
River. They were only twelve miles apart, and Fort 
Donelson was much the stronger. 

Fall of Fort Henry. — On February 6, Fort Henry was 
attacked by gunboats. The bombardment was very severe 
and the fort was much injured. Most of the garrison 
escaped to Fort Donelson, and General Tilghman surren- 
dered when he had only sixty men left. 

Fall of Fort Donelson. — Donelson defended Nashville, 
where there was a large depot of Confederate supplies. 
The Federal general. Grant, brought 17,000 troops against 
it on February 12. He bombarded the fort for two days, 
waiting for more men and for his gunboats. When they 
came he surrounded the fort and made a combined attack. 
There were 14,000 men in the fort, who fought gallantly, 
beating off the gunboats and repulsing the land attack. 
At night it turned bitterly cold, and numbers of the 
wounded soldiers froze to death in the sleet and rain. 
More Federal troops were coming up, and it was found 
impossible to hold the place. 

Escape of Southern Generals — General Floyd, chief in 
command, left the fort in the night with 
a number of his men. General Pillow 
followed him. General Forrest took his 
cavalry away, and when morning came 
General Buckner surrendered the fort, with 
some 10,000 men. 

Results. — The capture of these forts 

filled the North with joy and the South 

with grief. The garrison at Columbus 

N. B. FORREST. was obllgcd to withdraw to Island No. 10, 

forty miles farther down the Mississippi. The Tennessee 

and the Cumberland Rivers were open to the Federal 

gunboats, which at once began to ravage and destroy. 




Primary History of the United States. 191 

General Johnston never had more than 55,000 men against 
the 100,000 of the Federals. His army was so much 
diminished by capture, sickness and desertion that Johnston 
had to retreat into Mississippi. 

Battle of Elkhorn, or Pea Ridge. — In March a severe 
battle was fought in Arkansas. At first the Confederates 
were successful, but when several of their generals had 
been killed they became discouraged and fell back. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. What is this chapter about? 

2. Why could not those States remain neutral? 

3. Which side gained the battle of Wilson's Springs? 

4. Who was given command of the Confederate forces in the West? 

5. Where did he establish his headquarters? 

6. Why did General Polk occupy and fortify Columbus? 

7. Why could he not take Paducah? 

8. Tell of the battle of Belmont. 

9. What did the Federal warships accomplish on the coast during 

1861? 

10. Where were Forts Henrv and Donelson built, and why? 

11. Tell of the fall of Fort Henry. 

12. Why was it important for the Southerners to hold Fort Donelson? 

13. Who commanded the attack upon it? 

14. Why was it impossible to hold the place? 

15. What Southern generals escaped? 

16. Who surrendered the fort? 

17. What were the results of their surrender? 

18. How many men did General Johnston have? 

19. The Federals? 

20. When and where was the battle of Elkhorn, or Pea Ridge, fought? 



BIvACKBOARD FORM— CHAPTERS XLIX, L. 

f First bloodshed, Baltimore, April 1861. 
! First battle, Manassas, July, 1861. 

Western Virginia taken by Federal troops, 1861. 

Jackson's Valley campaign, 1861. 

Battle of Wilson's Springs, Missouri, August, 1861. 
Civil War J ^^^tle of Belmont, Missouri, November, 1861. 

! Fort Hatteras and Port Royal captured, 1861. 

Fort Henr\' captured, February, 1862. 
I Fort Donelson captured, February, 1862. 

Columbus evacuated, 1862. 
I Battle of Elkhorn, or Pea Ridge, Arkansas, April, 
I 1862. 



192 Primary History of the United States. 



CHAPTER LI. 

WAR FOR SOUTHERN INDEPENDENCE, CONTINUED — 
CAMPAIGN IN THE WEST, 1 862. 

Battle of Shiloh, April, 1862. — General Grant now ad- 
vanced np the Tennessee River, and landed 38,000 men at 
Pittsbnrg Landing under cover of his gunboats. General 
A. S. Johnston had collected about 35,000 troops. With 
these he attacked Grant at Shiloh on April 6. The Con- 
federates carried everything before them, capturing thou- 
sands of prisoners and many guns in spite of the gallant 
resistance of Grant's force. 

Death of Albert Sidney Johnston. — A Southern victory 
seemed secure, when General Johnston was mortally 
wounded by a minie-ball, and died in a few moments. His 
successor. General Beauregard, did not push the contest as 
he might. When the Federals had been forced back to 
the river-bank, instead of driving them into the water and 
thus forcing them to surrender, he ordered his men to stop 
fio^htino-. 

Buell's Arrival. — Beauregard intended to renew the 
attack in the morning, but General Buell came up in the 
night with as many fresh troops as Beauregard had. The 
Federals attacked in their turn, and the Confederates were 
forced to withdraw. Over 24,000 men fell in this bloody 
battle, more than half of them on the Federal side. 

Island No. 10 — New Orleans. — In two weeks after the 
battle of Shiloh the Federals captured Island No. 10, and 
Admiral Farragut passed the forts defending New Orleans, 
and took possession of that city. General Benjamin F. 
Butler, who was put in command of the city, tyrannized 
over it. He insulted and abused the residents who re- 
mained there. He took their property and allowed his 



Primary History of the United States, 193 

men to take whatever they fancied, and ill-treated the 
helpless people so much that they called him '' Beast 
Butler," a title which never left him. 

Confederate Conscription. — To fill up the armies, the 
Confederate government ordered that every man between 
the ages of eighteen and thirty-five should be enrolled as a 
soldier, and join the army when called for. Later on the 
Northern government did the same thing. 

Efforts to Recover Tennessee and Kentucky. — General 
Bragg was put in Beauregard's place, and collected a fine 
army in Northern Mississippi. He left part of it to hold 
General Grant's force in check, and with the rest he pressed 
northward, sending Morgan's and Forrest's cavalry forces 
to clear the way. The Federal general, Buell, also took 
his men from ChattanooQ^a back to Kentuckv to head Braoo- 
off. Buell got to Louisville first, where his army was 
rapidly reinforced. 

luka and Corinth. — Bragg expected Van Dorn to defeat 
Grant in Mississippi and then join him in Kentucky. In- 
stead of this Van Dorn and Price experienced two severe 
blows with heavy loss at luka and Corinth, and the Federal 
power grew strong in the Southwest. 

Battles of Richmond and Perry ville. — On August 30, 
5000 of Bragg's men under Kirby Smith defeated 10,000 
Federal troops near Richmond, Kentucky, :;^nd took 5000 
of them prisoners, with their cannon and small arms. 
Bragg's 52,000 men were scattered on different roads. 
Buell concentrated all of his, about 75,000, at Louisville. 
Bragg had taken large quantities of supplies, and numbers 
of cattle and horses. Buell moved southward to get behind 
Bragg and cut him off from the Confederacy. 

Battle of Perry ville. — On October 8, 16,000 of Bragg's 
men under General Polk had a fierce battle with 58,000 of 
Buell's forces. After bravely holding his ground all day, 
and capturing 15 cannon and 600 prisoners, Polk fell back 
in the night to the rest of the Southern army. Each side 
lost more than 3000 men in this battle. Bragg did not 
stop to fight any more. He brought his stores away safely, 



194 Primaiy History of the United States. 

and took his army to Murfreesboro, where he threw up 
intrenchments. 

Results of Bragg's Kentucky Campaign. — Both sides 
were disappointed in this campaign. The North thought 
that Buell should have surrounded and destroyed Bragg. 
The South felt that if Bragg had moved faster he might 
have occupied lyouisville, and by keeping his force to- 
gether could have gained one great victory instead of two 
small ones. 

Battle of Murfreesboro, or Stone River. — On the last 
day of the year, another battle was fought near Murfrees- 
boro betv/een Bragg's army and the Federals under Rose- 
crans. Bragg had 37,712 men; Rosecrans nearly 10,000 
more. This bloody contest lasted for three days, and more 
than 23,000 men were killed and wounded. Nothing deci- 
sive was accomplished by the continued fighting, and each 
side claimed the victory. 

Burning of Holly Springs. — Later in the year Van Dorn 
succeeded in capturing Grant's fortified camp at Hollv 
Springs, with 2000 prisoners. He then burned millions cf 
dollars' worth of Federal stores and supplies, and Grant 
wa-s obliged to fall back. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. When and where was the battle of Shiloh fought? 

2. How many men did General Grant have? 

3. General Johnston? 

4. What disaster prevented a Southern victory? 

5. Who came up in the night? 

6. How many men fell in this bloody battle? 

7. What two important places on the Mississippi River did the Fed- 

erals capture in the next two weeks? 

8. Tell of Butler's rule in New Orleans. 

9. Tell of the first Confederate conscription. 

10. Who was put in Beauregard's place? 

11. Why did he move northward? 

12. What Federal general opposed him? 

13. Why did not Van Dorn join Bragg in Kentucky? 

14. Who fought the battle of Richmond, Kentucky? 

15. How many men did Bragg have? 
ID. Buell? 

17. Who fought the battle of Perryville, Kentucky? 



Primary History of the United States. 195 

18. Where did Bragg take his army and the stores and animals he had 

gathered in Kentucky? 

19. Why were both North and South disappointed in this campaign? 

20. W^hat battle was fought on the last day of the year? 

21. Which had the most men, Bragg or Rosecrans? 

22. Tell of the battle? 

23. Who burned Grant's depots at Holly Springs, Mississippi? 



196 Primary History of the United States. 



CHAPTER LIL 

WAR FOR SOUTHERN INDEPENDENCE, CONTINUED — CAM- 
PAIGNS IN THE EAST, 1 862. 

Federal Successes on the Coast. — The war went on 
this year in the East with varying fortunes. The Federal 
fleets captured Roanoke Island and New Berne in North 
Carolina, Fort Pulaski defending- Savannah, Fort Macon at 
Beaufort, Port Royal and other important coast defences. 
Numbers of small Confederate gunboats were destroyed, 
and the difficulty of eluding the blockading ships was 
greatly increased. 

The Ram "Virginia." — At the Norfolk navy-yard the 
Confederates changed the frigate Merrimac into an iron- 
clad vessel with an iron beak. They armed it with heavy 
guns and called it Virginia. On March 8 this Vii'ginia 
attacked the Federal fleet in Hampton Roads. In a few 
hours she had sunk the frigate Cumberland^ had run the 
Congress aground and burned her, and had injured the 
other vessels with shot from her cannon. Then she 
steamed back into Norfolk Harbor. 

The "Monitor." — Every sea-board town of the North was 
terrified by this destruction of the warships, and expected 
the Virginia to attack it at once. But the Northern 
ship builders had been at work, too. When the turtle- 
shaped Virginia returned the next morning to Hampton 
Roads she was met by the Monitor^ another iron-clad ship, 
looking like " a cheese-box on a plank." Each vessel was 
so protected that neither could harm the other, and the 
battle between them changed the mode of naval warfare all 
over the world. 

Spring Campaign in Virginia, 1862. — By spring, McClel- 
lan had 120,000 men at Washington, Johnston's army 



Primary History of the Lhtited States. 



197 



at Manassas had lessened to 30,000, and he withdrew it be- 
hind the Rappahannock. Mr. Lincohi wished McClellan to 
follow Johnston, bnt he made the deep Virginia mud an 
excuse for going to Richmond by another road and took 
his army by water to Fortress Monroe. 

Kernstown. — Jackson's force in the Valley was obliged 
to fall back when Johnston did. He was ordered to keep 
the Federal army there from going to McClellan. So he 
turned round and with less than 3000 men, he attacked 
the Northern force, twice that number, at Kernstow^n, so 




IMOMTOR AND :me;rrimac. 

fiercely that reinforcements were at once sent to General 
Banks from Washington. 

Johnston at Yorkto^vn. — When Johnston found that 
McClellan had gone to Fortress Monroe, he took his army 
to the Peninsula, as the country between the York and the 
James rivers is called. McClellan laid siege to Yorktown, 
and Johnston quietly withdrew his army to the neighbor- 
hood of Richmond. In this retreat there was a stiff little 
fight at Williamsburg between McClellan's advance and 
Johnston's rear, but the Southern army brought off all its 
artillery and wagons in safety. 



Pri}iiary History of the United States. 



Destruction of the " Virginia." — When Johnston gave up 
the Peninsula, the Confederates were obliged to evacuate 
Norfolk. They found that the James River was too shallow 
for the I ^irginia to ascend it, and blew her up to keep her 
from the enemy. Federal gunboats then tried to attack 
Richmond from the river, but were prevented by obstruc- 
tions in the water and batteries on the shore. 

Battle of Seven Pines, or Fair Oaks. — McClellan 
brought his armv up York River, and moved near Rich- 

T^ mond, where he threw up 
huge earthworks. On the 
last day of May, a severe 
engagement took place, in 
which General Johnston 
was severely wounded and 
disabled. 

General Robert E. Lee. 
— G eneral Robert E. 
Lee, the youngest son of 
" Light Horse Harry " Lee 
of the Revolution, now 
took command of the Con- 
federates. The story of 
the next three years will 
tell you what a noble man 
and splendid soldier he 
was. 

Jackson's Valley Cam- 
paign. — Jackson had at 
this time about fifteen thousand men. The Northern gov- 
ernment was always afraid that he would advance upon 
Washington, so they sent four armies against him, each 
nearly as large as his own. Jackson had taught his men to 
march so rapidly that they were called " foot cavalry." He 
did not wait for his foes to come up to him, but attacked 
them unexpectedly. Within a month he drove back 
Milroy's advance at Monterey, defeated Banks at Win- 
chester, and followed his fleeing foes almost to the 




GENERAI, ROBERT E. LEE. 



Primary History of the United States. 199 

Potomac. Many prisoners were captured and so man}- 
supplies taken at Winchester that Banks received the 
name of "Jackson's commissary." Then turning back up 
the Valley, Jackson beat" Fremont at Cross Keys, one 
day, and Shields at Port Republic, the next. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. What important coast defences did the Federal warships capture 

during 1S62 ? 

2. Tell of the building of the ram Virginia. 

3. Of her attack on the Federal fleet in Hampton Roads. 

4. Of the battle between the I ^ijgvna and the Jl/ovi/or. 

5. Its effect on naval warfare all over the world. 

6. How many men had McClellan at Washington in the spring of 1862 ? 

7. How many did Johnston have at Manassas? 

8. Where did McClellan take his army to attack Richmond? 

9. How did Stonewall Jackson keep more men from going to McClellan ? 

10. Where did Johnston go to meet McClellan ? 

11. Did he remain there? 

12. Why were the Confederates obliged to evacuate Norfolk ? 

13. What became of the ram Virginia ? 

14. When and where was the battle of Seven Pines or Fair Oaks 

fought ? 

15. Who was severely wounded ? 

16. Who took command in his place ? 

17. What sort of a man was he? 

18. How many men did Jackson have in the Valley at this time? 

19. How manv armies were sent against him ? 

20. Why? 

21. Why were Jackson's men called " foot cavalry ? " 

22. What four victories did Jackson gain in a month ? 

23. Why was Banks called "Jackson's commissary?" 



BLACKBOARD FORM— CHAPTERS LI, LIL 

f Battle of Shiloh, Albert Sidney Johnston killed, 

April, 1862. 
I Capture of New Orleans. April, 1862. 
p. ., „, J Battles of luka and Corinth, Mississippi, 1862. 

i^ivu war. , Battle of Richmond, Kentucky, August, 1862. 

Battle of Perryville, Kentucky, October 1862. 
i Battle of Murfreesboro, or Stone River, December, 
[ 1862. 



200 Primary History of the United States. 



CHAPTER IvIIL 

WAR FOR SOUTHERN INDEPENDENCE, CONTINUED — VIR- 
GINIA AND MARYLAND CAMPAIGNS. 

McClellan's *' On to Richmond." — McClellan had 
115,000 men almost within sight of Richmond and kept 
asking for more. Jackson's successes in the Valley made 
Lincoln send reinforcements there instead of to Richmond. 

Lee and Jackson Against McClellan. — By the middle 
of June Lee had collected 65,000 men. He then brought 
Jackson with haste and secrecy to join him in attacking 
McClellan in his fortifications. Jackson fell on the Federal 
flank while Lee attacked in front, on June 26. 

Seven Days' Battles. — Not expecting such an assault, 
the Federals abandoned their strong position and fell back 
toward James River. At Mechanicsville, Gaines' Mill, 
Cold Harbor, White Oak Swamp and Frazier's Farm, Lee's 
army struck them deadly blows. The Federal troops fought 
during the day and retreated at night. By the morning of 
July I they gained a strong position on Malvern Hill. 
Lee's attack failed to drive them from the Hill, but during 
the night they again withdrew to Harrison's Landing, 
where they were protected by their gunboats. 

Results of the Campaign. — After this move of McClel- 
lan's, Lee's army returned to Richmond. The Federals had 
lost 15,000 killed and wounded, the Confederates 16,000, 
but they had taken 10,000 prisoners, fifty-two cannon, 
35,000 small arms and immense quantities of stores. Mr. 
Lincoln went to Harrison's Landing and found that 
McClellan had there 86,000 soldiers, more than Lee had in 
the beginning. McClellan was therefore ordered back to 
the Potomac and a fresh army went into Virginia under 
General John Pope. 

General Pope. — Pope was a boastful man, and the first 
general to instruct his army to devastate and destroy. 



Primary History of the United States. 201 

Cedar Mountain. — Jackson's corps defeated Pope's 
advance near Gordonsville on August 9. Lee came up 
with Longstreet's corps, and Jackson moved off toward the 
mountains, while lyongstreet pressed on nearer to the rail- 
roads. 

Jackson at Manassas. — Jackson's movements were 
undiscovered until he appeared at Manassas Junction, 
where he captured prisoners, locomotives and trains and sup- 
plies. He took what his men could use and burned the 
rest. 

Second Manassas. — ^Pope thought he could now sur- 
round and destroy Jackson. Desperate fighting ensued for 
two days. Jackson's men suffered severely, but held their 
own until Lee came with I^ongstreet's corps. Pope had 
telegraphed a victory to Washington, and there was great 
horror there when his beaten army was known to be in 
rapid retreat. Thirty thousand of Pope's soldiers and 
12,000 Confederates fell in this brief campaign, and Lee's 
men again captured cannon, muskets and prisoners by the 
thousand. 

Lee in Maryland. — Lee had driven the Federal army 
from Virginia and now took his own into IVIaryland, cross- 
ing the Potomac near Leesburg. In their alarm the Wash- 
ino^ton orovernment again g^ave General McClellan command 
of their forces. Lee sent Jackson to capture Harper's 
Ferry, and took the rest of his men to Frederick City. 
Lee's order telling of his movements was found by the 
Federals, and McClellan, with 87,000 men, followed hard 
after him. 

Capture of Harper's Ferry. — Jackson took Harper's 
Ferry, with 13,000 prisoners, seventy-three cannon and 
30,000 muskets, and then joined Lee near Sharpsburg. 

Sharpsburg, or Antietam. — Lee's army was reduced by 
fighting and hard marching to 35,000 men. McClellan's 
80,000 attacked him on September 19, on the banks of 
Antietam Creek. All day long the bloody battle raged. 
Lee held the field at night and all the next day, but then 
took his army back to Virginia. Each side lost about 




202 Primary History of the United States. 

twelve thousand men, and neither gained any real advan- 
tage. 

Burnside at Fredericksburg. — General McClellan was 
now superseded by General Burnside, who 
decided to go to Richmond by way of 
Fredericksburg. Lee's forces moved to 
meet him, and each army threw up forti- 
fications. Burnside had 125,000 men 
well clothed, housed, fed and equipped, 
and 370 cannon. Lee had 60,000 men 
bare-footed and in rags, with scant food 
and shelter, and 250 guns. 
BURNSIDE. Battle of Fredericksburg, December 

13, 1862. — Burnside's men crossed the river, after bombard- 
ing the little town fiercely, and attacked the Confederate 
army on the morning of December 13. The Federals at- 
tacked boldly, to be everywhere driven back. Six sepa- 
rate assaults were made on Marye's Hill, the key of Lee's 
position. It was bitterly cold, and when night came 
12,000 Federals and 5000 Confederates lay dead or wounded 
on the icy plain. For two days Lee waited for another 
attack, and then proposed to advance, but lo and behold, 
Burnside's men had retreated in the night to their fortifi- 
cations across the river. This battle ended active opera- 
tions in Virginia until spring. 

Results of 1862. — The Confederacy had been victorious 
in many pitched battles, and her cruisers, the Alabama^ 
Florida and the Shenandoah had inflicted great damage 
upon Federal commerce. But the material gains were all 
on the Northern side. 

Federal Advantages. — In the West the Federal gen- 
erals held nearly all of Kentucky and Tennessee, the 
southern part of Louisiana and northern Mississippi, and 
the greater part of the Mississippi River. In Virginia they 
occupied the Peninsula and the country around Norfolk 
and Washington. Their armies and gunboats threatened 
the Confederate communications everywhere. The Fed- 
eral armies drew many foreign recruits. Greenbacks were 



Primary History of tJie United States. 203 

plentiful, and, though prices were high, work and wages 
were abundant. 

Conditions at the South. — The railroads, like everv'- 
thing else in the South, were wearing out, and there were 
no means of repairing them. Constant fighting was killing 
off the men, and there were none to replace them. The 
strict blockade kept supplies and recruits from coming in, 
and the paper money was growing less in value every day. 
The soldiers in the field and the people at home began to 
suffer for food and clothing. In spite of all this, the cour- 
age of the people kept up, and the soldiers faced privations 
and danger with fearless fortitude. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. How many men did McClellan now have before Richmond? 

2. How many had Lee collected ? 

3. Who came from the Valley to join him ? 

4. Which side began the attack, and when ? 

5. What did the Federals then do ? 

6. Tell of five fierce battles. 

7. Could Lee drive them from Malvern Hill? 

8. Where did they seek shelter? 

9. How long did this contest last ? 

10. With which side did the victory remain ? 

ir. How many men did McClellan take to Harrison's Landing? 

12. What Federal general was now given command in Virginia? 

13. What sort of a man was he ? 

14. Where did Jackson defeat Pope's advance? 

15. Which way did Jackson move off? 

16. Where did he next appear ? 

17. What did he do there? 

18. Tell of the battles of Second Manassas. 

19. And who won them ? 

20. Where did Lee now go ? 

21. Who was given command of the Federal army? 

22. How did McClellan find out which way Lee was going ? 
2X,. Tell of Jackson's capture of Harper's Ferry. 

24. How many men did McClellan have at Sharpsburg, or Antietam? 

25. Lee ? 

26. What was the result of the battle ? 

27. Who superseded McClellan ? 

28. Where did he take his men ? 

29. How many did he have ? 

30. How mau}^ had Lee to oppose him ? 

31. Tell of the battle of Fredericksburg. 

32. What had the vSouth gained during 1862 ? 

33. What advantages had the Federals gained ? 

34. How was the South growing poorer and weaker every day ? 



204 Primary History of the United States. 



CHAPTER LIV. 

WAR FOR SOUTHERN INDEPENDENCE, CONTINUED — CAM- 
PAIGNS IN VIRGINIA AND PENNSYLVANIA, 1 863. 

Emancipation Proclamation, 1863. — Mr. Lincoln, be- 
fore he was elected, frequently said that slavery had noth- 
ing to do with the strife between the North and South. 
In his inaugural address and first message he declared that 
he had no intention of interfering with it in any way. 
The successes of the South and the great victories won by 
her armies in 1861 and 1862 seem to have changed his 
mind. They filled the North with anger and disappoint- 
ment, and made the nations of Europe look with respect 
and interest upon the brave young nation. These and 
other reasons induced Mr. Ivincoln to issue, on the first of 
January, 1863, a proclamation setting all the slaves in the 
seceded States free. 

Effects of the Proclamation. — Mr. Lincoln had no 
right over any slaves, under the Constitution of the United 
States, and this freeing them at a stroke was wholesale 
robbery. But he had great power, which he did not hesi- 
tate to use, and by this stroke he made Europe believe 
that the South was fighting to maintain slavery, and grati- 
fied the revengeful feelings of many Northern people. 
The proclamation could not affect negroes except in the 
country held by Federal troops. There they generally 
quit their homes and their work and flocked to the North- 
ern camps to be fed and maintained in idleness. 

^A^est Virginia, 1863. — The Western part of Virginia, 
which the Federal armies held, was organized into a sepa- 
rate State, and her government and Congressmen were 
acknowledged by the authorities at Washington, although 
the Constitution said that a new State could not be cut off 
from an old one unless the old State consented. 



Primary History of the United States. 205 

Events of 1863. Affairs on the Coast. — This year, like 
1862, was filled with fighting and bloodshed, destruction 
and death all over the South. Along the coast there was 
some success to the Southern arms. General Maoruder in 
Texas, with a land force and some indifferent boats, attacked 
and defeated the fine Federal gunboats at Galveston, and 
captured the garrison and stores. A naval effort against 
the Confederate fort at Sabine Pass was driven off with 
severe loss. An attempt made by a powerful fleet to seize 
Charleston, April 14, was utterly foiled by heavy guns 
in Fort Sumter and other batteries. The monitor Keokuk 
was sunk and several others so much disabled that Admiral 
Dupont had to take his fleet back to Port Roval. 

Hooker in Virginia. — " Fighting Joe " Hooker had been 
put at the head of the Federal army after 
Burnside's defeat at Fredericksburg. By 
the last of April he had a splendid army 
of 132,000 and more than 400 cannon. 
Lee had only been able to collect 53,000 
men. 

Hooker's Move. — Hooker took 90,000 
men up the Rappahannock intending to 
get around Lee and strike him on his left 
flank ; to conceal this move, Sedgwick hooker. 

with 37,000 men manoeuvred opposite Fredericksburg as 
if the attack was to be made there. Lee, however, divined 
the truth. He left some 9000 men to oppose Sedgwick, 
and marched with the rest to meet Hooker at " Chancel- 
lorsville." 

Chancellorsville, 1863. — Jackson made one of his long- 
forced marches, and got around behind Hooker's army and 
its breastworks, while Lee engaged its attention by cannon- 
ading in front. Late in the evening of May 2, Jackson fell 
upon the unsuspecting Federal soldiers, and soon had them 
fleeing before him. The Confederates advanced almost to 
Hooker's headquarters, when night stopped the battle. 

Jackson Shot. — This wonderful success was counter- 
balanced by a mortal wound given to Stonewall Jackson. 




2o6 



Primary History of the United States. 




J. E. B. STUART. 



A Southern regiment in the darkness mistook his party foi 
a squad of Federal cavalry and fired upon it with deadly aim. 
Victory Won. — General Lee's famous cavalry general, 
J. E. B. Stuart, took Jackson's place, and 
the next morning a combined attack on 
Hooker's flank and front drove his army 
at all points, took possession of the house 
at Chancellorsville, and forced the Fede- 
rals to fall back near the Rappahannock. 
Sedgwick at Fredericksburg. — In the 
meantime Sedgwick had driven off the 
smaller force, had occupied the Confeder- 
ate lines at Fredericksburg, and was 
moving on Lee's rear. The Confederate general quickly 
faced round, and beat Sedgwick as he had done Hooker, 
and drove him across the Rappahannock. 

Hooker's Retreat. — Lee then turned once more to give 
further battle to Hooker, but when he advanced on the 
morning of the sixth, he found that Hooker too had 
recrossed the river in the night. The Federal loss in these 
fights was 17,000; that of the Southern army over 10,000. 
But Jackson's death was a far more serious loss than any 
they had experienced. Other generals were brave and 
patriotic as he, but not one had his military insight, and 
his power of inspiring his men to do impossible things. 

Lee's Second Move North. — K^ soon as Lee could 
reorganize his army, he made a second 
move northward. On the way Ewell 
again drove the Federal forces from Win- 
chester, where he took 4000 prisoners 
and many guns and stores. Lee's army 
then pressed on across the Potomac, 
through Maryland into Pennsylvania. 

Orderly Conduct of Lee's Army. — The 
Southern soldiers were forbidden to injure 
or rob the country, and whatever they ^- ^- ^well. 
needed was taken by the quartermasters and commissaries 
g.nd paid for in Confederate money, which was all they had. 





Prtmajy Histo7'y of the United States, 207 

Alarm at the North. — There was great alarm through- 
out the North when Lee entered Pennsylvania. Each 
large city expected to see him marching 
through its streets. The militia were 
called out, and great bodies of troops sent 
forward to Washington. K. strong army 
under command of General Georo^e G. 
Meade marched to meet the Southern 
forces. 

Battle of Gettysburg. — The two armies 
came into collision at Gettysburg, on the 
morning of July i. There was fierce george g. meade. 
fighting for hours, in which the Federal troops were driven 
back with great loss. They retreated to Cemetery Hill, 
from which the Southerners could never dislodge them. 
Other hills were occupied by the Federals in the night and 
during the morning of the second, and Lee was not able 
to prevent this because Longstreet's corps had not come 
up. In the afternoon of the second, and again on the 
third of July, took place the most deadly struggle ever made 
in America. Lee's ammunition gave out, so that his 
cannon could not properly support the desperate charges 
of the Southern divisions upon the Federal breastworks. 
Many of these intrepid soldiers clambered over the fortifi- 
cations and fell dead inside. Their valor could not over- 
come the numbers opposed to them. The night of the 
third found both armies too much exhausted for further 
fighting. Lee waited all day of the fourth expecting Meade 
to attack him, and as this was not done drew off in the 
night across the mountains, and finally returned with his 
forces to Virginia. 

Results of Gettysburg. — Nearly 45,000 men were slain 
or injured at Gettysburg. Lee lost some 21,000; Meade 
23,000. The victory reanimated the war party at the 
North, while it was a terrible blow to the Southern cause 
and its friends everywhere. 



2o8 



Primary History of the United States, 



I. 

2. 

3- 
4- 
5- 
6. 

.7- 

8. 

9- 
lo. 
II. 

12. 

13- 
14. 

15. 
16. 

17. 

18. 
19. 
20. 
21. 
22. 

23- 

24. 

25- 



QUESTIONS. 

What did Mr. Lincoln say at first about slavery and the war? 

Why did the successes of the South change his mind ? 

What proclamation did he issue on the first of January, 1863? 

When was the State of West Virginia organized .? 

Was this according to the Constitution ? 

Tell of the Confederate successes at Galveston, Sabine Pass, and 
Charleston Harbor. 

Who succeeded Burnside ? 

How many men had he collected by the spring ? 

How many did Lee have ? 

Which way did Hooker move with 90,000 men ? 

Whom did he leave at Fredericksburg ? 

Tell of Jackson's attack at Chancellorsville. 

Of his being shot. 

Who took Jackson's place and v^^on the victory ? 

Why was Lee forced to turn back towards Fredericksburg? 

Tell of Hooker's retreat. 

What great loss did the Southern army sustain in spite of this vic- 
tory ? 

Where did Lee now take his army ? 

How did they behave in Pennsylvania ? 

How did the North feel when Lee entered Pennsylvania? 

Who was given command of the Federal army ? 

Where did they come together ? 

How many days did the battle last ? 

Tell of the fighting at Gettysburg, 

Of the results of the battle. 



BLACKBOARD FORM— CHAPTERS LIH, LIV. 

' McClellan's "On to Richmond," 
Seven Days' Battles, June 26 to July 2, 1862. 
McClellan superseded by Pope, 
Cedar Mountain, August, 1862. 
Second Manassas, August, 1862. 
Lee in Maryland. 

Jackson captures Harper's Ferry, 1862, 
Sharpsburg, or Antietam, 1862. 
Civil War — Battles. -| Fredericksburg, 1862. 

Confederate cruisers very successful. 
Emancipation Proclamation, 1863, 
West Virginia made a State, 1863, 
Magruder captures Galveston, 1863. 
Dupont driven off from Charleston, 1863. 
Chancellorsville, Jackson killed, 1863. 
Lee's second move North, 1863, 
^ Gettysburg, July i, 2, 3, 1863, 



Primary History of the United States. 209 



CHAPTER LV. 

WAR FOR SOUTHERN INDEPENDENCE, CONTINUED — CAM- 
PAIGNS IN THE WEST AND SOUTH, 1 863. 

Grant Against Vicksburg. — The Confederates still held 
the Mississippi River between Port Hudson and Vicksburg. 
This enabled them to cross troops, cattle and supplies from 
one side to the other. General Grant now bent all his en- 
ergies to the capture of Vicksburg. The fortifications were 
so strong that he could do nothing on the northeast of the 
place or on the river front. So he crossed his men over 
the river, took them a long way round, and then back 
again southeast of Vicksburg. 

J. E. Johnston in Mississippi. — General Pemberton had 
34,000 men to defend Vicksburg. General Joseph E. John- 
ston, who had the chief command of the Confederates in 
Mississippi, directed Pemberton to come away from Vicks- 
burg and join him, so that together they might fall upon 
Grant and drive him back. 

Vicksburg Besieged. — Pemberton disobeyed Johnston 
and took his men within the lines at Vicksburg, where 
General Grant at once besieged him. 

Close Siege of the City. — Grant's army increased to 
80,000 men. Pemberton's force was closely shut up, and 
Johnston could only collect 25,000 men slowly. Grant's 
gunboats came up, and shelled Vicksburg day and night in 
conjunction with the Federal land batteries. 

Famine. — The Confederates had not ammunition to do 
much firing, and, worse than this, the food in the city soon 
failed. Bacon, flour and meal gave out, and were replaced 
by rations of mule meat, but after a while even the mules 
were eaten up. The constant firing drove the citizens from 
their homes to holes and pits dug in the hillsides. The 
soldiers made similar shelters, and soldiers and citizens 
starved and suffered alike. 



14 



2IO Primary History of the United States. 

Surrender of Vicksburg. — Grant fortified his rear so 
strongly that Johnston could not cut his way through. 
Pemberton's men were worn out by the incessant shelling, 
by famine and sickness. They could do nothing more, and 
on July 4, the day after Lee's final defeat at Gettysburg, 
Pemberton surrendered Vicksburg with 31,600 men, and 
all the guns and muskets he had. The men were paroled 
and allowed to go home. 

The Confederacy Cut in Two. — Port Hudson fell into 
Federal hands a few days later. The whole length of the 
Mississippi was open to their gunboats, and the Confederacy 
was practically cut in two. Louisiana, Arkansas and Texas, 
though thus separated from their sister States, remained 
true and steadfast to the Southern cause, and continued to 
fight and suffer for it. 

Devastation in Mississippi. — After Vicksburg was taken 
General Sherman and other Federal officers ravaged and 
destroyed all through Mississippi. Jackson, the capital of 
the State, was burned, and the cattle and crops utterly de- 
stroyed. 

Cavalry Raids. — General Bragg's main army had done 
no fighting since Murfreesboro. His cavalry, under For- 
rest, Morgan and others, made many successful raids and 
dashes against Rosecrans' forces. One of Morgan's raids 
extended into Indiana and Ohio, where it did great damage 
and alarmed the entire North. Morgan and numbers of 
his officers were captured and shut up in the Ohio peniten- 
tiary. The general and six others escaped after a few 
months, and got safely back to the South. 

Bragg in Tennessee. — Bragg had sent soldiers to Mis- 
sissippi, and in June had only 44,000, while Rosecrans in 
his front had 70,000. Bragg fell back first to Chattanooga, 
in the northwest corner of Georgia, and then to the heights 
along Chickamauga Creek. The Federal forces occupied 
East Tennessee, and Rosecrans moved after Bragg. 

Battle of Chickamauga. — The two armies came together 
in a fierce encounter which raged for two days along Chick- 
amauga Creek. 



Primary History of the United States. 211 

" The River of Death." — Lee had sent Longstreet with 
5000 men to Bragg's assistance. The first day's fight was 
not decisive. On the second dav, the Federal ri^ht and 
centre were ronted and fled to Chattanooga. General 
Thomas, however, commanding the Federal left, held his 
ground until after nightfall, when he too fell back, leaving 
his dead and wounded. More than 20,000 men fell in this 
dreadful battle. Prisoners, guns, arms and supplies were 
taken in great quantities. 

Bragg' s Inefficiency. — Instead of Bragg's following up 
his victor}' and destroying Rosecrans, he was satisfied to 
besiege the Federal army in Chattanooga, and try to starve 
it out. 

Grant at Chattanooga. — The Washington government 
now ordered General Grant from Mississippi to Chatta- 
nooga. He brought his victorious men and ofiicers, and 
soon changed the state of things there. An effort made 
by Longstreet to drive the Federals from East Tennessee 
weakened Bragg's army. Grant had 80,000 men, almost 
twice as many as Bragg, and moved to flank and drive off 
the Southern army. 

Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge. — Bragg 
held the north end of Lookout Mountain and also Mis- 
sionary Ridge and the valley between them. Grant's plans 
for flanking his enemy were ably carried out b)' his corps 
commanders, Sherman, Thomas, Hooker and Howard. 
His superior numbers increased his advantage. They 
fought bravely, climbed up steep heights, gained point 
after point, carried the Confederate earthworks, drove their 
opponents everywhere before them, and often turned their 
own cannon upon the fugitives. 

Results of the Battle. — The whole Confederate position 
was abandoned, and the Southern retreat was continued to 
Dalton. Grant sent so large a force to East Tennessee 
that Longstreet was compelled to leave Knoxville and 
secure himself among the mountains. Mr. Davis was at 
last obliged to remove Bragg, and put General Joseph H. 
Johnston in his place. 



212 Primary History of the United States. 

Condition of Things in 1863. — This had been a year of 
success for the Federal armies. They held and devastated 
Northern Virginia, Tennessee, a great part of Mississippi, 
and large regions west of the Mississippi. The disasters 
to the South had been overwhelming, and there were no 
means of repairing them. No more men, no money nor 
means of getting any, and the supplies everywhere were 
destroyed or exhausted. The North was jubilant, and the 
South full of patient courage. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. Why was it important for the South to hold Vicksburg and Port 

Hudson ? 

2. Who determined to capture Vicksburg? 

3. How many men did General Pemberton have to defend it ? 

4. What did General Joseph E. Johnston direct Pemberton to do? 

5. What did Pemberton do instead ? 

6. With how many men did Grant besiege the city ? 

7. Tell of his gunboats. 

8. What was tlie condition of the soldiers and people in Vicksburg ? 

9. Tell of the surrender of Vicksburg. 

10. How many men were surrendered? 

11. How did this cut the Confederacy in two? 

12. How did the States west of the river act? 

13. Tell of the devastation in Mississippi. 

14. What had Bragg's army done since Murfreesboro? 

15. Tell of his cavalry. 

16. Of Morgan's raid into Ohio. 

17. His capture and escape. 

18. How many soldiers did Bragg have in June? 

19. How many did Rosecrans have? 

20. To what place did Bragg fall back ? 

21. Tell of the battle of Chickamauga. 

22. Which side was victorious ? 

23. Did Bragg follow up his victory? 

24. What Federal officer came to relieve Chattanooga? 

25. What had weakened Bragg's army? 

26. How many men did Grant have? 

27. Where did he attack Bragg? 

28. Tell of the battle of Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge. 

29. To what point did the vSouthern army retreat ? 

30. Who was now put in Bragg's place ? 

31. What success had the Federal armies gained during 1863 ? 

32. What was the condition of the South ? 



Primary History of the United States, 213 



CHAPTER LVL 

WAR FOR SOUTHERN INDEPENDENCE, CONTINUED, 1 864. 

Sherman in Alabama.— Sherman, with 30,000 Federal 
infantry and 10,000 cavalry, swept through Mississippi 
and Alabama, spreading desolation as he went. He burned 
Meridian where the railroads centred, with its hospitals, 
storehouses, depots, and private houses. On his way he 
destroved the railroads and bridges and burned the cotton 
and corn, and sent his cavalry eastward to carry on the evil 

work. 

Forrest's Victories.— General Forrest pursued the 
Federal cavalry with only 2500 horsemen and injured 
them so much at West Point and Okalona that they 
retreated to Memphis, leaving their guns and their dead 
and wounded behind. This compelled Sherman to^ re- 
turn to Vicksburg, and enabled Forrest to advance into 
Western Tennessee, where he captured Fort Pillow, and 
performed other daring deeds. 

Olustee.— In Februarv, General Finnegan, with some 
5000 Confederates, defeated Seymour's 7000 Federal troops 
at Olustee in Florida, so severely that they left the 

State. 1 • AT 

Banks in Louisiana.— Butler had been replaced m New 

Orleans bv General Banks, whose rule was not quite so 

oppressive. Banks now set out to overrun Louisiana. 

He had 40,000 men, with gunboats and transports. 

Battle of Mansfield.— General Dick Taylor, son of old 

Zachary Taylor, could only collect 15,000 soldiers. With 

these he attacked Banks at Mansfield, defeated and drove 

him from the field with great loss. 

Banks' Retreat.— Banks had learned in Virginia how to 

retreat, and he did not stop now until he got to New 



214 



Primary History of the United States. 



Orleans. But he revenged himself by burning everything 
he could not carry away along his road. In the campaign 
he lost 8000 men, killed and wounded ; 6000 prisoners, 35 
cannon, besides stores, wagons and small arms. 

Grant's Plan for Victory. — General Grant had been so 
successful that he was now made commander-in-chief of 



the Federal forces 



Sherman was 




place 



m 



S. GRANT. 



the West. Grant's plan was to destroy Johnston's army in 
Georgia, and Lee's forces defending Richmond. If this 
could be done, he knew the war must come to an end. 
He therefore ordered Sherman to move at once against 
Johnston and took command himself against Lee. 

Battles of the Wilderness. — On the fifth of May, the 
two armies came together in the tangled "Wilderness" 



Primary History of the United States, 215 

country. Grant had 125,000 men and 325 cannon, Lee 
62,000 men and 234 cannon. For two days the battle 
raged for miles among the thick trees and undergrowth, 
which was often set on fire by the shot and shell. 

''Lee to the Rear." — At one time, on the second day, 
General Hancock's corps of nearly 40,000 
men seemed about to overwhelm Lee's 
right. At that moment. General Lee put 
himself at the head of a Texas brigade. 




and gave the command, " Charge ! " The 

soldiers cried out, " Lee to the rear," and 

one of them seized his bridle and said, 

" General Lee, if you do not go back we 

will not go forward." The General yielded, 

and the Texans' charge changed the face w. s. hancock. 

of the battle. In the two days Grant lost 17,660 men, Lee 

half as many. 

Race for Spottsylvania. — Grant now tried to slip by Lee 
and get between him and Richmond, but Lee was too 
quick and got to Spottsylvania first. Great earthworks 
were thrown up, and bloody fighting kept up for twelve 
days. The Federal forces gained some advantages, and 
captured several thousand prisoners, but could not drive 
the Confederates from their defences. 

Continued Flank Movements. — Forty thousand Federal 
troops had been disabled, and 38,000 more were sent 
General Grant, who now began a series of flanking move- 
ments. Lee was always too quick for him, and by the 
last day of May Grant was at Cold Harbor, McClellan's old 
fighting ground. 

Second Cold Harbor. — Lee, who also had been rein- 
forced, had 60,000 men behind his breastworks. Against 
these Grant brought his 113,000 troops in a fierce assault. 
Lee's soldier's fired so truly from their shelters that they 
cut down nearly 13,000 of their assailants, remaining 
almost uninjured. The Federal troops refused to advance 
again, and offensive operations ceased for awhile. Grant 
had lost 60,000 men in a month, Lee about 20,000. 




BRECKINRIDGE. 



2i6 Primary History of the United States, 

Defeat of Sigel, Butler and Hunter. — Sigel was march- 
ing up the Valley of Virginia to join 
Grant, but had been defeated at New 
Market by Breckinridge, and on the same 
day, May i6, Beauregard had headed off 
Butler from Petersburg, and had " bottled " 
him and his 30,000 men up in a neck of 
land and rendered them useless. Hunter, 
who took Sigel 's place, overran the Val- 
ley, burning and destroying as he went. 
He, too, was forced to retreat. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. Tell of Sherman's devastation in Alabama. 

2. Of Forrest's victories. 

3. Who fought the battle of Olustee ? 

4. Who had replaced General Butler in New Orleans ? 

5. With how many men did Banks set out to overrun Louisiana ? 

6. With how many soldiers did General Dick Taylor defeat him at 

Mansfield ? 

7. How did Banks revenge himself as he went back to New Orleans? 

8. Why was General Grant now made the Federal commander-in-chief? 

9. What was his plan for conquering the South ? 

10. Where did he take command himself? 

11. When and where did Grant's and Lee's armies come together ? 

12. How many men and guns had each ? 

13. How long did the battle rage? 

14. Tell of Lee and the Texas brigade. 

15. How many men were lost in these two days ? 

16. What was the race for Spottsylvania ? 

17. How long did they fight there? 

18. How many men had Grant lost at this time? 

19. What did Grant continue trying to do? 

20. Where were both armies on the last day of May? 

21. With what force did Grant assault Lee's 60,000 men? 

22. How many of the assailants were shot down ? 

23. How many Federals had been lost in a month? 

24. How many Confederates? 

25. Where was Sigel defeated by Breckinridge? 

26. Who had "bottled" up Butler and his 30,000 men ? 

27. What did Hunter do in the Valley ? 



Primary History of the United States. 217 



BLACKBOARD FORM-CHAPTERS LV, LVI. 



4, 1863. 



r Siege of Vicksburg, 1863. 
Surrender of Vicksburg, July 
The Confederacy cut in two. 
Morgan's raid, 1863. 
Bragg in Tennesee. 
Chickamauga, September 1863. 
Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge 1863. 
Civil War-Battles. \ Sherman devastates Mississippi and Alabama, 1864. 
Olustee, Florida, 1864. 
Mansfield, Louisiana, 1864. 
Grant in command. 
Wilderness, Virginia, 1864. 
Spottsylvania, Virginia, 1864. 
Second Cold Harbor, Virginia 1864. 
^ New Market and Drury's Blutt, i«b4. 



2i8 Primary History of the U^iited States. 



CHAPTER LVIL 

WAR FOR SOUTHERN INDEPENDENCE, CONTINUED — AFFAIRS 
IN THE WEST AND SOUTH, 1 864. 

Sherman's Move Against Johnston. — The same day 
that Grant attacked Lee in the Wilderness, Sherman moved 
against Johnston. There were nearly one hundred thou- 
sand of the Federals, in splendid condition, while Johnston 
never had so many as 60,000 poorly armed men. Sher- 
man wished to destroy the Southern army without risking 
any severe battle. 

Flanking Movements. — He therefore made some fight 
in front with part of his force, and sent the other part to 
Johnston's left to get behind him. By these tactics Johns- 
ton was compelled to fall back from one fortified point to 
another. There were bloody encounters again and again, 
and the Southern army was worn out by incessant watch- 
ing, fighting and marching, as well as disheartened by the 
continual retreat. 

Death of General Polk. — The brave, good General 
Polk was killed on Pine Knob by a cannon-ball while 
watching the Federal advance. 

Removal of Johnston. — Just as Johnston had with- 
drawn to Atlanta, where he might hope to offer some 
effectual resistance, he was removed from command by the 
authorities in Richmond, and General Hood put in his 
place, with the understanding that he was to fight and not 
retreat. 

Siege of Atlanta. — Sherman sent McPherson eastward 
to destroy the railroads, and proceeded to surround Atlanta 
as far as he could. Hood attacked the Federals repeatedly 
with great bravery, but could do nothing effectual against 
their superior numbers. In one of these fights the Federal 
general, McPherson, was killed. 



I 



Primary History of the United States. 219 

Atlanta Evacuated. — At last the Confederate army was 
so shut in at Atlanta, that Hood feared he might be starved 
out, like Pemberton at Vicksburg, and he evacuated the 
city on the night of September i. Sherman occupied 
Atlanta, drove the inhabitants out, destroyed the principal 
buildings, and laid the surrounding country waste. His 
success made up to the North for Grant's failure to take 
Richmond. Public thanks were returned to him and to 
Admiral Farragut, who had occupied Mobile Bay. 

Hood Advances into Tennessee. — General Hood sup- 
posed that if he could get behind Sherman and cut his 
communications he could force him to leave Georgia. He 
therefore set off along the route by which Johnston had 
fallen back. If he had pressed on rapidly he might have 
accomplished something important. But he delayed so 
long that Thomas, who was sent to defend Tennessee, had 
time to collect a large army to meet him. 

Battles of Franklin and Nashville. — At Franklin the 
Confederates struck such heavy blows that Schofield 
retreated in the night, leaving his dead and wounded 
behind him. But the Confederate loss was nearly double 
that of the Federals. There were several smaller encoun- 
ters, and on December 15, Thomas attacked Hood's lines 
at Nashville, drove out the Southern soldiers, and started 
them on a rapid retreat, which continued until they had 
recrossed the Tennessee River. 

Results of the Expedition. — Hood had not only lost 
27,000 men and 72 cannon, but his rash undertaking took 
from the South all hope of recovering and maintaining a 
stand in the West and South. The Northern Congress 
fully understood the importance of Thomas's victory, and 
gave him a vote of thanks. 

Sherman's March to the Sea. — There was no force left 
to oppose Sherman, and he set out on his famous march 
through Georgia, with 60,000 infantry and 5500 cavalry. 
He had plenty of wagons and provisions, but the country 
was fertile and had as yet felt no ravages of war. The 
soldiers took and feasted on all they wanted, and destroyed 



220 Primary History of the United States. 

the rest. Not only food, but everything within and without 
the houses was carried off or broken to pieces. A path of 
destruction sixty miles wide was made from Atlanta to 
Savannah, and Sherman's report states that $100,000,000 
worth of damage was done to Georgia. 

Fall of Savannah. — The small bodies of Confederate 
soldiers left in Georgia could offer no effective opposition 
to the Federal hosts. On December 21, General Sherman 
occupied Savannah, which he offered to Mr. Lincoln with 
150 heavy cannon and 20,000 bales of cotton as a Christmas 
gift. 

Price in Missouri. — In September, General Stirling 
Price made another effort to recover Missouri for the South. 
For a while he and his 10,000 men advanced without hin- 
derance, and the Confederates became hopeful of success. 
But a good many of his men left the army to visit their 
families. Federal troops were collected to oppose him, and 
late in October he was attacked and suffered such severe 
defeat that he retreated to Arkansas with his demoralized 
army. 

Death of John Morgan. — Morgan and his cavalry were 
operating in Tennessee and Virginia. In his last raid upon 
Cynthiana, Kentucky, he was defeated, and driven into 
Tennessee. Here he was betrayed to the enemy by the 
family with which he lodged, and was shot to death after 
he had surrendered. 

QUESTIONS. 

T. Tell of Sherman's move against Johnston. 

2. How many men did he have? 

3. How many did Johnston have? 

4. How did Sherman wish to destroy the Southern army ? 

5. What did this force Johnston to do? 

6. What effect did this incessant fighting, marching and retreating have 

on the Southern army ? 

7. Tell of General Polk's death. 

8. Who was put in Johnston's place, and why? 

9. Tell of the siege of Atlanta. 

10. Of the evacuation of the city. 

11. How did Sherman treat Atlanta? 

12. What did the North think of his success? 



Primary History of the United States. 221 

13. How did General Hood think he might force Sherman to leave 

Georgia ? 

14. Where did he go ? 

15. Who was sent to defend Tennessee ? 

16. Tell of the battle of Franklin. 

17. Battle of Nashville. 

18. What did the South lose in this expedition ? 

19. How did the North show its appreciation of Thomas's victory ? 

20. Tell of Sherman's march through Georgia. 

21. How did he treat the country? 

22. Of his occupation of Savannah. 

23. Tell of General Sterling Price in Missouri. 

24. Of the slaying of General Morgan. 



222 Primary History of the United States. 



CHAPTER LVIIL 

WAR FOR SOUTHERN INDEPENDENCE, CONTINUED — CAM- 
PAIGNS IN VIRGINIA, 1864. 

Grant at Petersburg. — When Grant failed to get into 
Richmond, he took most of his army across James River 
to Petersburg. During the first three days Meade might 
have captured that city, for Beauregard had only 10,000 
men to hold it against four times that number. The Con- 
federates, however, made so stout a resistance that Grant 
stopped fighting and went to throwing up earthworks. 
Lee also made fortifications to defend the place. 

Lee's Difficult Task. — Lee's army was not as large as 
the Federal host, and General Grant could get as many 
more as he asked for. The limits of the Confederacy were 
so restricted that no more soldiers could be raised, although 
all men between seventeen and forty-five had been called 
into service. Food, forage and clothing were even scarcer 
than men. Lee's army had to defend thirty-five miles of 
intrenchments around Richmond and Petersburg, and that 
upon rations which could hardly maintain them. The 
sick in the hospitals and the people at home fared as badly 
as the soldiers. There was no money and nothing to buy. 

Aff"airs at the North. — Prosperity and success prevailed 
at the North. The Federal army was filled from the 
Northern States and all parts of Europe, and had the best 
of arms, food, clothing and supplies of all sorts. Such 
confidence was felt in General Grant, that the slaughter of 
his men was not grumbled at. 

Brilliant Confederate Successes. — From time to time 
the Confederates would j>erform brilliant feats, kill thou- 
sands of their enemies and gain some temporary success. 
Such was Mahone's attack on Gibbon's lines, and Fitz 




Primary History of the United States. 223 

Lee's and Hampton's defeat of Wilson and Kautz at 
Reams's Station. 

Grant's Mine. — To blow up a part of 
Lee's intrenchments and let his men in, 
Grant had a mine dug some distance und'er 
the Confederate works. Lee found this 
out and had other breastworks made back 
of those undermined, and placed cannon 
so as to command the threatened spot. 

Explosion. — To conceal the time of the 
explosion, Grant threatened Richmond, 
and Lee was obliged to send troops there ^^'ade hampton. 
also. When the mine was sprung there were only 13,000 
Confederates at Petersburg against 60,000 Federals. With 
an awful uproar and upheaval the powder in the mine 
exploded, killing some 300 Confederates, and leaving an 
opening large enough for a whole army to pass through. 

At the Crater. — Federal soldiers were now started at a 
double quick to enter the breach and seize the Confederate 
lines. But the Southern soldiers fought so sternly, and 
poured so much shot upon their assailants that they drove 
them to take refuge in the crater, or deep hole over the 
mine. Here 4000 men were slain during the day, and 
their heaped up corpses lay festering in the sun. 

Grant's Persistence. — But though the Confederates 
thus gained separate victories, Grant was able, by force of 
numbers, constantly to extend his intrenchments beyond 
Lee's, to cut the railroads, and seize one important point 
after another. He knew that if he lost ten to one of his 
enemies he must at least wear them out, and he spared 
nothing to accomplish this. 

Early Sent to Maryland. — In the hope of forcing Grant 
to weaken his army for the defence of Washington, Gen- 
eral Lee now sent Karly with 10,000 men to push down 
the Valley of Virginia into Maryland and threaten Wash- 
ington. This was speedily done.- At Monocacy Bridge in 
Maryland, Early defeated Lew Wallace's force and pressed 
on until he neared the outer fortifications at Washington. 



224 Primary History of the United States, 

His approach caused great alarm. His army was reported 
as 30,000 strong, and large numbers of Federal soldiers 
hurried to Washington. Early's 10,000, worn out with 
marching and fighting under the burning sun, could do 
nothing effective against such heavy odds behind strong 
fortifications, and in a few days returned to Virginia. 

Sheridan in the Valley. — General Grant now sent 
Sheridan against Early with 55,000 men, 12,000 of them 
cavalry. Early's army was also increased to 14,000 men, 
but was unable to cope with Sheridan's superior numbers. 
At Winchester, on Septembor 19, he suffered severe defeat, 
and at Cedar Creek a month later, after gaining a victory 
in the morning, was utterly routed in the evening, and his 
men driven panic-stricken from the field. 

Sheridan's Devastation. — Sheridan proceeded up the 
Valley, burning and destroying as he went, initil he said a 
crow could find no food there. 

Loss of the " Alabama." — In addition to disasters on 
land, the South had to mourn the destruction of her gallant 
cruiser, the Alabama. After inflicting immense loss upon 
Federal ships, the Alabama was attacked and sunk by the 
Kearsarge just outside Cherbourg, in France. 

End of 1864. — When 1864 closed, the South was in des- 
perate straits. Her money was worthless, her resources 
exhausted, her people and her armies everywhere in 
suffering and want. The North was victorious and exult- 
ant, and had 200,000 men in readiness for a final effort 
against her. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. Where did Grant now take most of his army? 

2. How many men had Beauregard at first? 

3. Why did not Grant capture this place ? 

4. Why could not Lee's army be increased? 

5. What were even scarcer than men ? 

6. How long a line did he have to defend? 

7. What was the condition of things at the North ? 

8. Did the Confederates meet with any brilliant successes? 

9. Tell of Grant's mine. 
10. Of its explosion . 



Primary History of the United States. 225 

11. How many Confederate soldiers were at Petersburg at the time? 

12. Could the Federal soldiers get in through the breach that was made? 

13. How many men were slain in the crater ? 

14. What had Grant's numbers enabled him to do? 

15. Why was Early sent into Maryland? 
J 6. How many men did he have? 

17. Tell of the battle of Monocacy Bridge. 

18. His approach to Washington. 

19. Who w^as now sent against Early? 

20. What force did he have ? 

21. In what two battles did he totally defeat Early's 14,000 men? 

22. Tell of Sheridan's devastation in the Valley. 

23. Of the sinking of the Alahauia. 

24. Of the condition of the North and South at the end of 1864. 



15 



226 Primary History of the United States. 



CHAPTER LIX. 

END OF WAR FOR SOUTHERN INDEPENDENCE, 1 865. 

Sufferings at Petersburg. — The early months of the 
year were terribly cold, and both armies suffered much from 
it. But Grant's army had plenty of food and fire, while 
Lee's was destitute of both, and the Southern soldiers 
sometimes froze to death at their posts. 

Fall of Fort Fisher, — Fort Fisher, defending Wilming- 
ton, had beaten off every Federal force sent against it. 
Early in January a fleet of fifty-nine vessels, five of them 
ironclads, and 20,000 infantry once more attacked the 
fort. It was bombarded for three days by 413 cannon, 
which shattered it to pieces. The infantry then attacked, 
and after desperate resistance, carried the inner works after 
midnight, and the fort and garrison were forced to sur- 
render. 

Sherman's March Northward. — Sherman with 70,000 
men was sweeping up through the Carolinas to join Gen- 
eral Grant. General Joseph E. Johnston was put in com- 
mand in North Carolina and told to do what he could to 
keep Sherman back. He had only some eighteen thousand 
men, and could not afford a pitched battle. 

Destruction in South Carolina. — The North hated 
South Carolina especially, because she had been the first 
State to secede, and the destruction committed there by 
Sherman's army far exceeded all the ravages committed in 
Louisiana, Mississippi, Virginia or Georgia. The fine old 
mansions of the planters and the negro cabins were alike 
pillaged and burned, and the pine forests with their resin- 
factories blazed for many days. Columbia, the State capi- 
tal, was sacked and fired, so that all its handsome buildings 
were destroyed, and thousands of people left homeless. 



Primary Histoiy of the United States. 227 

The fire which injured Charleston was caused by an acci- 
dental explosion of gunpowder. 

Lee's Desire to Leave Petersburg. — General Lee felt 
that to save his army from destruction and capture, he 
must o:et it out of the trenches at Petersburg^. His wish 
was to move into North Carolina, join General Johnston, 
and attack Sherman before Grant could reinforce him. 

Lengthening of the Federal Lines. — General Grant 
now ordered all the Federal forces to move towards Peters- 
burg, and extended his lines until they seized all the rail- 
roads but one, and nearly surrounded the city. The 
Federal army was 120,000, Lee's only 35,000. Grant kept 
up a series of attacks which, though frequently repulsed, 
killed off more and more of Lee's men. 

Sheridan at Five Forks. — At Five Forks, Fitz Lee 
drove Sheridan off the first day, but on the second, the first 
day of April, Sheridan with two infantry corps attacked 
and defeated the Confederates. 

Petersburg and Richmond Evacuated. — On the morn- 
ing of April the second. General Grant attacked Petersburg 
all along Lee's lines, overpowered the smaller force de- 
fending them, and made a farther defence impossible. 
This compelled Lee to withdraw all his men, which he did 
in the night. Richmond also was evacuated, and both 
places were soon occupied by Federal troops. 

Lee's Retreat. — All the Southern soldiers moved to- 
ward Amelia Courthouse. By some strange oversight they 
found no food for them there. , Grant's hosts pressed close 
upon them, and they became exhausted by hunger, hard 
marching and incessant fighting. 

Surrender at Appomattox. — By the eighth of April^ 
General Lee found that the unequal struggle could no 
longer be maintained since his force was not strong enough 
to break through the hosts of his foes, and he surrendered 
with his army to General Grant. The men and officers 
were paroled, and those who had horses were allowed to 
take them home with them. All the men paroled were 
28,350. 



228 Primary History of the United States, 

End of the War. — This was practically the close of the 
war. Johnston's army and the troops in the South and 
West soon surrendered on the same terms with those given 
to Lee's army. 

Effects of the Surrender. — This giving up of Richmond 
and surrender of Lee's army filled the North with exulta- 
tion and the South with sorrow. For four years the Confed- 
erates had made the most gallant resistance the world ever 
saw. They never had in all the four years, as many as 800,000 
men under arms. The Federal numbers, from their own 
reports, were 2,200,000 men. One million of these fell by 
battle or disease, and 1,200,000 were mustered out of ser- 
vice after the war. 

Condition of the Country. — The close of the war left 
the North in every way prosperous and the South in pov- 
erty and ruin. She had no money and no banks. The 
railroads were all broken up, the cattle and horses nearly 
all gone. The cities and homesteads were in ruins, and 
the whole system of labor was disorganized. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. Tell of the sufferings at Petersburg at the beginning of 1865 . 

2. Where was Fort Fisher ? 

3. When and how was it attacked ? 

4. Tell of its fall. 

5. With how many men was Sherman marching northward : 

6. Who was put in command against him ? 

7. Why did the North especially hate South Carolina? 

8. How did Sherman's army treat the State? 

9. Tell of the burning of Columbia. 

10. Where did Lee desire to take his army ? 

11. Why did he not do so ? 

12. How did Grant lengthen his lines? 

13. How large was his army ? 

14. Lee's army ? 

15. Tell of the battle of Five Forks, on the first of April. 

16. Of the evacuation of Petersburg and Richmond. 

17. Of Lee's retreat. 

18. And Grant's pursuit. 

19. Of Lee's surrender at Appomattox. 

20. How many men were paroled? 

21. Tell of the surrender of the other Southern troops. 

22. What effect did the giving up of Richmond and the surrender of 

Lee's army have upon the North and the South ? 



Primary History of the United States, 



229 



23. What had the Confederates done for four years? 

24. What was the greatest number they had under arms ? 

25. How many did the Federals have ? 

26. How many of these fell in battle or of disease ? 

27. How many were mustered out of service ? 

28. In what condition did the close of the war leave the North ? 

29. The South? 



I 



BLACKBOARD FORM— CHAPTERS LVH, LVIH, UX. 

' Sherman tries to pass round Johnston, 1864. 

Johnston obliged to fall back continually, 1864. 

General Polk killed, 1864. 

Hood supersedes Johnston, 1864. 

Atlanta besieged, 1864. 

General McPherson killed, 1864. 

Hood gives up Atlanta, 1864. 

Hood advances into Tennessee, 1864. 

Battles of Franklin and Nashville, December, 1864. 

Sherman marches through Georgia with great de- 
vastation, 1864. 

Savannah taken, 1864. 

Price defeated in Missouri, 1864. 

Grant against Petersburg, 1864. 

The South in a desperate condition, 1864. 

Mine exploded, 1864. 
Civil War. \ Railroads seized, 1864. 

Early in Maryland, 1864. 

Battle of Monocacy, 1864. 

Battle of Winchester, 1864. 

Battle of Cedar Creek, 1864. 

Sheridan lays the Valley of Virginia waste, 1864. 

Alabama sunk by the Kearsarge, 1864. 

Fall of Fort Fisher, 1865. 

Sherman ravages South Carolina, 1865. 

Columbia burned, 1865. 

Fire in Charleston, 1865. 

Battle of Five Forks, 1865. 

Petersburg and Richmond evacuated, April 2, 1865. 

Lee's surrender at Appomattox Courthouse, April 
8, 1865. 

Johnston and others surrender, 1865, 
L The war ended, 1865. 



230 Primary History of the United States. 



CHAPTER LX. 

RECONSTRUCTION, 1865-1873. 

Mr. Lincoln's Second Election. — In the fall of 1864, 
Mr. Lincoln had been elected a second time. Andrew 
Johnson, of Tennessee, was Vice-President, and, with 
Lincoln, had been inaugurated on the fourth of March. 

Mr. Lincoln's Views. — Mr. Lincoln was a kindly man 
and after the South had been conquered would, no doubt, 
have treated her in a humane manner. He insisted that 
no State could get out of the Union, and had already set 
up State governments in Louisiana and Arkansas. 

Murder of President Lincoln, 1865. — Unfortunately for 
the country, and especially for the South, Mr. Lincoln was 
assassinated on Good Friday night, April 14, in Ford's 
Theatre in Washington, by John Wilkes Booth, an actor. 
The whole civilized world was shocked at this crime. 

Andrew Johnson President. — Andrew Johnson was 
immediately sworn in as President. He professed to 
believe that Mr. Lincoln had been killed by the plan and 
wish of the Southern people. He set a price of $100,000 
on the head of Mr. Jefferson Davis, and $25,000 apiece for 
several other men ; and instituted harsh measures against 
all Southern people. 

Fate of Mr. Davis. — Before I go on with my story, I 
will stop to tell you that Mr. Davis was captured in 
Georgia, while making his way toward the Mississippi 
River. He was taken as a prisoner to Fortress Monroe, 
where he was subjected to inhuman cruelty. He was 
confined in a damp, stone cell. Heavy irons were put on 
his ankles. His food and clothing were scanty and miser- 
able, and he was forbidden to have books, letters, papers 
or tobacco. This was done to punish him as the represen- 
tative of the South. For two years he languished in jail. 



Primary History of the United States. 231 

Then he was brought to Richmond to be tried. But there 
was no case against him. He was bailed out of prison, and 
the trial never came off. The later years of his life were 
spent near Pass Christian. He died in New Orleans in 
December, 1889. 

Mr. Johnson's Policy. — Mr. Johnson and Congress were 
each determined to ill-treat the South, but they quarreled 
about the way in which it should be done. The President, 
like Mr. Lincoln, said that no State could get out of the 
Union, and he set up provisional governments in each 
State. 

The Plan of Congress. — The North had been fighting 
for four years to keep the Southern States from getting out 
of the Union. But now Congress declared that they were 
out, and could not get in again unless they were " recon- 
structed." The South was divided into five " Military 
Districts " governed by Federal generals. 

Amendments to the Constitution. — Before Mr. Lin- 
coln's death, the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitu- 
tion had been made which abolished slavery forever in 
the United States. The Fourteenth Amendment was now 
made. This gave the negroes all the rights of the whites 
except voting. The Fifteenth Amendment, a little later, 
gave the negroes that right. No Southern State could 
return to the Lhiion until it had ratified these amendments. 

The Southerners Under Defeat. — For four years the 
South had fought desperately to establish its independence. 
Failing in this purpose, her people had honestly accepted 
the decision of battle. They knew their cause was just 
and they mourned over its defeat, but they had no further 
purpose to disregard or disobey the laws of the United 
States. They set themselves everywhere to do what they 
could to repair the ruin and destruction in their homes and 
their States. General Lee became a college president, and 
his officers and soldiers followed his example by working 
diligently and patiently as they found opportunity. 

Harsh Reconstruction Measures. — Congress hated the 
South even more in its defeat than it had done in the 



232 



Primary History of the United States. 



liottest time of the war. No man who had taken part in 
the Confederate government or army, or who had helped 
the Sonthern canse in any way, was allowed to vote or hold 
any office whatever. This ruled out almost every respect- 
able white man in the South, and gave the country up to 
the lowest characters, to the ignorant negroes and to un- 
principled Northern adventurers. 

'* Carpet- Baggers and Scalawags." — For eleven years 
the South was given up to these Northern " carpet-baggers" 

■'1^,, '"rX^i;^ ^ ' '1 ^^^^ Southern 

"scalawags," and 
to the ignorant 
negroes whom 
they cajoled or 
bribed to do their 
bidding. I can 
give you no idea 
how they stole, 
and defrauded 
and impover- 
ished the States, 
while gathering 
large fortunes for 
themselves. I f 
the Southern 
whites did not 
tamely submit to 
the outrages and 
indignities heaped upon them, then soldiers were sent to 
overawe them, and riots and bloodshed were the conse- 
quence. 

The Freedman's Bureau. — Left to themselves, the 
blacks were lazy, unprincipled and vicious, but not often 
spiteful or malicious toward the whites. The Freedman's 
Bureau gave to the negroes, in many cases, land of their 
former owners, and encouraged them in every way to be 
rude and insolent and idle. 




lAN'S CABIN. 



Primary Hislory of the United States. 233 

QUESTIONS. 

1. Who were made President and Vice-President in the spring of 1865 ? 

2. What did Mr. Lincohi think of a State getting out of the Union? 

3. Tell of Mr. lyincoln's assassination? 

4. Why was this bad for the South ? 

5. How did Andrew Johnson show his hatred to the South ? 

6. What became of Mr. Jefferson Davis ? 

7. How was he treated in Fortress Monroe ? 

8. How long was he kept there ? 

9. Was he ever tried ? 

10. When and where did he die? 

11. Why did President Johnson and Congress quarrel? 

12. What was Mr. Johnson's plan ? 

13. What was the plan of Congress ? 

14. What was the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution? 

15. The Fourteenth ? 

16. The Fifteenth ? 

17. For what had the South fought for four years? 

18. When thev were defeated, did they really submit to the United 

States? 

19. What did the men everywhere set themselves to do ? 

20. How did Congress show its great hatred to the South ? 

21. Who were forbidden to vote or hold office? 

22. To whom did this give up the government of the Southern States? 

23. How long was the South given up to the "carpet-baggers" and the 

' ' scalawags ? ' ' 

24. How did they treat the Southern States ? 

25. What happened if the Southern whites did not tamely submit ? 

26. What had the Freedraan's Bureau encouraged the negroes to do? 



234 Primary History of the United States. 



CHAPTER LXI. 

ANDREW JOHNSON, 1865-1869 U. S. GRANT, 1869-1877. 

Impeachment of President Johnson. — The quarrel 
between Congress and Mr. Johnson continued. He con- 
stantly vetoed the bills passed by Congress, and in 1868 
Congress impeached and tried him. They failed to convict 
him of treason, and he continued in office until 1869. 

States Readmitted to the Union. — In Arkansas, the 
Carolinas, Florida, Georgia, Alabama and Louisiana pre- 
tended legislatures, elected and armed by Northern soldiers, 
" carpet-baggers " and negroes, had adopted reconstructed 
governments formed by themselves, and those States were 
admitted once more to the Union. Nebraska became a 
State in 1867. 

General Grant President, 1869-1877. — In 1868, and again 
in 1872, the Republican party made Ulysses S. Grant Presi- 
dent of the Republic. General Grant would not allow Mr. 
Johnson or Congress to set aside the terms of surrender 
which he had agreed to and hang the Southern generals. 
But he did not interfere with the tyranny and oppression 
of the " reconstructed " governments, and the robbery and 
ruin of which you read in the last chapter went on all 
through his term. 

Alaska, 1867. — In 1867 the territory of Alaska, which is 
rich in timber, fisheries, furs and gold mines, was bought 
from Russia for $7,000,000. 

First Pacific Railroad, 1869. — There are now four great 
railroads crossing the United States from east to west. The 
first of these was opened in 1869. By these roads the 
shortest way from England to China is across the United 
States. 

Speculation and Dishonesty at the North. — Many men 
grew suddenly rich by " army contracts " during the war, 



Primary History of the United States. 235 

and by oppression and robbery in the reconstrncted States. 
Others songht means to gain wealth also withont working 
for it, and specnlation and fraud ran riot at the North. 
Bankers and brokers swindled their cnstomers, and Con- 
gressmen, government officials and members of the Cabinet, 
took bribes and joined in schemes to rob the government 
itself 

Money Troubles, 1873. — When all this dishonesty came 
to light, great money tronbles followed. One bank failed 
for $15,000,000. Other banks, railroads, merchants and 
rich men lost everything and the poor became still poorer. 

Indian Wars. — In 1873 there was fierce war in the West 
with the Modoc Indians, who refused to move from their 
lands to the Indian Territory. Three years later the Sioux 
became very hostile to the white settlers near them. Gen- 
eral Custer and his cavalry did severe injury to the Indians, 
but, in a battle on Big Horn River, Custer and all his men 
were killed. After a while the Sioux were defeated and 
fled to Canada. 

Centennial Exposition, 1876. — The hundredth year of 
the republic was celebrated by a great exposition in Phila- 
delphia. A fine display of products from all over the 
world was made in splendid buildings built of iron and 
glass. Millions or people visited this exposition, and per- 
haps your father and mother were among them. 

Colorado, 1876. — Colorado is called the " Centennial 
State," because she came into the Union one hundred years 
after it was formed. 

Tilden and Hayes, 1876. — By this time the honest 
people at the North, as well as the respectable ones at the 
South, had become weary of the fraud, injustice and 
oppression so freely practiced. When the election for 
President came on, Samuel J. Tilden, the Democratic candi- 
date, received a much larger number of votes than Ruther- 
ford B. Hayes, the Republican candidate. ' 

Electoral Commission. — The Republican Congress 
would not allow a Democrat to be President. An Electoral 
Commission appointed by it recognized the fraudulent 



236 Primary History of the United States. 

votes of several Southern States instead of the lawful ones 
and declared Hayes the rightful President, 

Death of General Robert E. Lee. — In October, 1870, Gen- 
eral Robert E. Lee died at his home in Lexington,Virginia, 
The Southern people mourned for their beloved leader, and 
even his enemies acknowledged him to be a great and good 
man. All civilized people regard him as a noble. Chris- 
tian patriot, and one of the greatest generals of the world. 

Fires in 1871-1872. — In 1871, 25,000 houses and $200,- 
000,000 worth of property were burned in Chicago. Great 
forest fires also destroyed many lives and vast tracts of tim- 
ber in the Northwest. In Boston, in 1872, $80,000,000 of 
property perished in a great conflagration. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. When and why did Congress impeach President Johnson ? 

2. Tell of the reconstruction of the Southern States, 

3. Who was elected President in 1868, and 1872 ? 

4. What had General Grant prevented Mr. Johnson and Congress from 

doing ? 

5. Did he hinder any of the tyranny and oppression of the reconstructed 

governments? 

6. Tell of the purchase of Alaska. 

7. Of the first Pacific railroad. 

8. How did many men at the North grow suddenly rich ? 

9. How did others seek to gain wealth without working for it ? 

10. What followed all this dishonesty ? 

11. Tell of the Modoc War. 

12. Of the Sioux War. 

13. What happened at Big Horn River? 

14. Tell of the Centennial Exposition in 1876. 

15. Which is the Centennial State? 

16. Who was really elected President in 1876? 

17. Who was declared President by the Electoral Commission? 

18. When and where did General Robert E. Lee die ? 

19. How do all civilized people regard him ? 

20. Tell of the great fires in 1871 and 1872. 



Primary History of the United States. 



237 



CHAPTER LXIL 

HAYES PRESIDENT, 1877-1881 GARFIELD AND ARTHUR, 

1881-1885. 

Hayes Befriends the South. — Though Mr. Hayes was 
elected by fraud, he was a good friend to the South. He 
withdrew the Federal soldiers, and the carpet-baggers went 
with them. The Democratic governors chosen b\' the 
people took control of the States, and from that time 
Southern people have managed their own affairs, and have 




EAST FRONT OF THE CAPITOL AT WASHINGTON. 

done wonders in reviving and developing the industries 
and resources of their section. 

Railroad Strikes, 1877. — The enormous fortunes made 
by a limited number of Northern men seemed to make 
the laboring classes poorer. This caused great discontent 
among them. In the summer of 1877, the railroad hands 
in Maryland, Pennsylvania and New York made a great 



338 



Prhnary History of the Umted States. 



" strike " for higher wages. To keep other men from run- 
ning the trains, the strikers burned the cars and the depots. 
Soldiers were employed to put down the strikers. Riots 
occurred in Pittsburg, Chicago and other places, and a 
number of people were killed. 

Growth of Population. — For years there had been a 
large increase of foreign immigration, and in 1880 there 
were more than 50,000,000 of people in the United 
States. 

Garfield and Arthur, 1881-1885. — The Republicans made 
General James A. Garfield President and 
Chester A. Arthur Vice-President. 

Garfield Shot. — On July 2, Presi- 
dent Garfield was shot in the depot at 
Washington by a man named Guiteau. 
He lingered for two months in great suf- 
fering and then died, and Mr. Arthur 
became President. 

Centennial Celebration at Yorktown, 
1881. — The hundredth anniversary of 
Cornwallis's surrender was celebrated at Yorktowu. Many 
war vessels and soldiers assembled there. Descendants of 
Washington's French and German officers were among 
them, and there were fine reviews on land and water. 

Voyages to the Arctic Seas. — The steamer Jeannette, 
with a crew and officers of the United States navy, went 
to explore the ocean north of Asia. In 1881 she was 
crushed by ice and all save a few of her crew froze or 
starved to death on the icy Siberian coast. Another expe- 
dition, under Lieutenant Greeley, to the 
Polar Sea north of Canada, was equally 
unfortunate. Of the twenty -four men with 
Greeley, only six half-dead ones were 
rescued at the end of three years. 

Grover Cleveland, 1885-1889. — In 1885, 

the Democrats put in Grover Cleveland, the 

since Mr. Buchanan, twenty- 




J. A. GARFIELD. 




-ROVER CLEVELAND 



first President of their party 
five years before, 



Primary History of the United States. 239 

Labor Troubles. — During this administration the labor 
troubles became worse than ever. In 1886 there were 
strikes in many parts of the North and in all departments 
of work. 

Anarchists. — In Chicago there was terrible strife and 
rioting. The leaders there were foreigners, who boasted 
that they were "Anarchists" — that is, enemies to all gov- 
ernment. They attacked the police with dynamite bombs 
which killed and wounded a number of them. The police 
succeeded in capturing the ringleaders, and four of them 
were hanged. 

Charleston Earthquake, 1886. — k. severe earthquake in 
this year threatened Charleston, South Carolina, with de- 
struction. The shock was felt for several hundred miles. 
Benjamin Harrison, 1889. — Benjamin Harrison, the 
Republican President of 1889, was a 
grandson of President Harrison of 1841. 
During his first year of office six new 
States, North and South Dakota, Mon- 
tana, Washington, Wyoming and Idaho, 
came into the Union ; and Oklahoma 
was cut off from the Indian Territory. 
Second Election of Grover Cleve- 
'%&> land.— In 1893 Grover Cleveland became 

BENJAMIN HARRISON. President for the second time. During 
Harrison's term and this one, the minds of the people were 
turned to many political and financial questions which 
you cannot now understand. 

Columbian Exposition, 1893. — The four hundredth an- 
niversary of the discovery of America was celebrated by 
great naval displays in Hampton Roads in Virginia and in 
New York harbor. A great Exposition was also held at 
Chicago. The beauty and magnificence of the buildings 
and the exhibit of all the productions of industry, science 
and art were the finest ever made. 

Chicago Strike. — The Exposition was followed by a 
great labor strike. From the Pullman Car Company it spread 
to all railroads in the North and West. No trains were 




240 Primary History of the United States, 

allowed to run. Many lives were taken, and millions of dol- 
lars worth of property destroyed. Soldiers at length put down 
the strikers and rioters. You must notice that there were 
none of these strikes and riots in the law-abiding South. 

McKinley President, 1897. — "^^^^ Republicans elected 
William McKinley, of Ohio, and he became the President 
on March 4, 1897. 

Progress and Development. — As I told you before, the 
North was rich, the South utterly poor, in 1865. The 
whole country has become more prosperous, and the recov- 
ery of the South from the devastation of the war and the 
misrule and robbery of reconstruction times is wonderful. 
Three-fourths of the cotton in the world is grown in the 
Southern States. They produce immense quantities of 
coal and iron. Manufactures of all sorts are springing up. 
The Northern markets are supplied with fruits, vegetables 
and flowers from the South. 

Steam and Electricity. — Steam and electricity are the 
principal forces which have brought about such increase 
of prosperity. They make railroads and steamboats every- 
where, and operate all kinds of machinery. 

Progress of Education. — Besides a system of public 
schools all over the country, there are now more than three 
hundred and sixty colleges and universities. Newspapers 
and books have increased in the same proportion, and 
many Southern authors have taken equal rank with any 
of their countrymen. 

Farewell. — Now, my young readers, I bid you farewell. 
May what you have learned of your country and your fore- 
fathers, in this little book, fill you with a desire and purpose 
to do your duty now as boys and girls, that when you grow 
up you may be such brave, upright, patriotic men and 
women as those of v/hoin you have read. The foundations 
of our country at Jamestown in 1607, and at Plymouth in 
1620, were laid in the fear of God, and so long as her peo- 
ple walk in that fear and uphold the true principles of 
freedom, she will be an honor and a safeguard to 
humanity. 




i6 



INVENTION AND PROGRESS. 
(241) 



242 Primary History of the United States. 

QUESTIONS. 

1. How did Hayes prove a good friend of the South ? 

2. What have the Southern people done since his time ? 

3. What caused great discontent among the laboring classes at the North ? 

4. Tell of the railroad strikes in 1877. 

5. Of the riots which occurred. 

6. How many people in the United States in 1880? 

7. Who were made President and Vice-President in 1881 ? 

8. What happened to General Garfield ? 

9. Tell of the celebration at Yorktown of Cornwallis's surrender. 

10. Where did the steamer Jeannette go, and what happened to her? 

11. Of Greeley's Arctic Expedition? 

12. Who was made President in 1885 ? 

13. Tell of the labor troubles during his term. 

14. Of the Anarchists in Chicago. 

15. Describe the Charleston earthquake in 1886. 

16. Who was made President in 1889? 

17. What six new States came in during his first year of office ? 

18. Who was made President in 1893 ? 

19. How w^as the four hundredth anniversary of the discovery of America 

celebrated ? 

20. Describe the Exposition at Chicago. 

21. Tell of the great railroad strike the next year. 

22. To what section of country were these strikes and riots confined ? 

23. Who was made President in 1897 ? 

24. Tell of the progress and development of the South, in spite of the 

destruction there from war and reconstruction. 

25. What are the principal forces which have brought about this increase 

of prosperity ? 

26. Tell of the progress of education. 

27. With what desire and purpose should this little book fill the minds of 

its readers ? 

28. What principle governed the founders of our country, and how may 

she continue to be an honor and safeguard to humanity ? 



BLACKBOARD FORM— CHAPTERS LX, LXI, LXH. 

f Lincoln's second inauguration, March 4, 1865. 
Assassinated, April 14, 1S65. 
ndrew Johnson, President, 1865. 

Jefferson Davis captured and imprisoned, 1865. 
The vSouth divided into five military districts. 
Thirteenth Amendment, 1865. 
Fourteenth Amendment, 1866. 
Fifteenth Amendment, 1870. 
Southern whites oppressed. 
Freedman's Bureau. 
South ruled by "carpet-baggers," "scalawags" 

and negroes. 
Alaska bought, 1867. 

Impeachment of President Johnson, 1868. 
Arkansas, the Carolinas, Florida, Georgia, Louisi- 
t ana readmitted to the Union, 1868. 



Reconstr u c t i o n 
Period. 



Prwtary History of the United States. 243 

f Grant's first inauguration, 1869. 

First Pacific Railroad, 1869. 
I General Robert E. Lee dies, 1870. 
G r a n t, President, j Money troubles, 1S73. 
1869-1877. ^ Modoc War, 1873. 

Sioux War, Custer killed, 1876. 
I Centennial Exposition, 1876. 
L Colorado a State, 1876. 

f Hayes declared to be elected by the Electoral Com- 
TTflvPc; PrpdflPiif mission, 1877. 

Ha>es, President, ) pi^e in Chicago, 1877. 

''' End of Reconstruction Period, 1877. 

[ Railroad strikes, 1877. 

Garfield and Ar T General Garfield inaugurated, 1881. 
fW P. c?^ f J Garfield shot bv Guiteau, 1881. 
rs«y' -^^^^^^^"^^' ] Centennial Celebration at Yorktown, i88r. 
[ Arctic expeditions. 



1881. 



Grover Cleveland, , . u- ^ • r^\ - 

President. 1885. Anarchists in Chicago, 



Labor troubles. 
Anarchists in CI 
Charleston earthquake, 1886. 



Benjamin Harrison j North and South Dakota, Montana, Washington, 
President, 1889. \ Wyoming, Idaho, become States, 1889. 

Grover Cleveland, / Columbian Exposition, 1893. 

President, 1893. \ Great labor strike at Chicago, 1894. 

William McKinley, / Progress and development of the country. 

President, 1897. "i Farewell. 



PERIOD V. BLACKBOARD REVIEW. 

CHAPTERS XLVII-LXII. 

Abraham Lincoln President, 1861. 

f South Carolina, December, i860. 

Mississippi, January, 1861. 
I Florida, Januarv, 1861. 

Alabama, January, 1861. 
Secession of South- Georgia, January, i86k 

\ Louisiana, January, 1861. 

Texas, January, 1861. 
I Virginia, April, 1861. 

North Carolina, April, 1861. 
I Tennessee, April, 1861. 
L Arkansas, April, 1861. 

Southern Confederacy formed, 1861. 
Jefferson Davis, President, 186 1, 



ern States. 



244 



Primary History of the United States. 



Battles, 1861. 



Battles. 1862 



1861. 



Civil War. f Fort Sumter bombarded, April, 1861.^ 

First bloodshed, Baltimore, April, 1861. 
First Manassas, July, 1861.* 
Jackson's Valley campaign, March to June, 
Wilson's Springs, Missouri, August, 1861.* 
Belmont, Missouri, November, 1861.* 
Fort Hatteras and Port Royal captured, 1861. 
Fort Henry taken, February, 1861. 
Fort Donelson, February, 1861. 
Columbus evacuated, 1861. 

f Elkhorn, or Pea Ridge, Arkansas, April.* 

j Shiloh, Tennessee, April. 

I New Orleans captured, April. 

Seven Days' battles round Richmond, Virginia, 
1 June and July.* 

Cedar Mountain, Virginia, August.'^ 

Second Manassas, Virginia, August.* 

Jackson captures Harper's Ferry, September.* 
I Sharpsburg, or Antietam, Maryland,' September. 

luka and Corinth, Mississippi. 
I Richmond, Kentucky.* 

Perryville.* 
I Fredericksburg, Virginia, December.* 
[ Murfreesboro, or Stone River, Tenn., December.* 

Emancipation proclamation, January i. 

West Virginia made a State. 

Chancellorsville, Virginia, May.* 

Vicksburg besieged. May. 

Winchester, Virginia, June.* 
Battles, 1863. J Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, July. 

I Surrender of Vicksburg, July. 

Chickamauga. Georgia, September. 
! Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge, Ten- 
[ nessee, November. 

Olustee, Florida, February.* 

Mansfield, Louisiana, April.* 

Wilderness, Virginia, May.* 

Spottsylvania, Virginia, May.* 

New Market, Virginia, May.* 

Drury's Bluff, Virginia, May.* 

Second Cold Harbor, Virginia, June.* 
Battkis, 1864 \ ?f ^^ ""^ Petersburg, Virginia, June. 

Monocacy, Maryland, July.^ 

Siege of Atlanta, Georgia, July. 

Fall of Atlanta, Georgia, September. 

Winchester, Virginia, September. 

Cedar Creek, Virginia, October. 

Franklin, Tennessee, November. 

Nashville, Tennessee, December. 
[ Fall of Savannah, Georgia, December, 
Confederate victories marked with an *, 



Primary History of the United States. 



245 



Civil War. 



Battles, 1865. 



Lincoln and John- 
son, Presidents, 
1865. 

Reconstruction. 



f Fall of Fort Fisher, January, 

Burning of Columbia, February. 

Bentonville, North Carolina, March. 

Five Forks, Virginia, April. 
\ Fall of Petersburg and Richmond, April. 

Surrender at Appomattox Court House, April. 

Close of the War, May. 

Union forces, 2,200,000. 
^ Confederate less than 800,000. 

f President Lincoln assassinated, April, 1865. 

Mr. Jefferson Davis captured and imprisoned. 

Thirteenth Amendment, 1865, 

Freedman's Bureau, 1865. 

Fourteenth Amendment, 1866. 

South divided into five military districts, 1867. 
-j South ruled by "carpet-baggers," "scalawags" and 
negroes. 

Arkansas, The Carolinas, Florida, Georgia, Louis- 
iana, Virginia, Mississippi, Texas, readmitted 
to the Union, 1868. 

President Johnson impeached, 1868. 

First Pacific Railroad, 1869. 



Gen. Grant, Pres- 
ident, 1 869- 1 87 7. 

Hayes, President, 
1877. 

Garfield and Ar- 
thur, Presidents. 
1881. 

Grover Cleveland, 
President, 1885. 

Benjamin Harrison 
President, 1889. 



Fifteenth Amendment, 1870. 

Death of General Robert E. Lee, 1870. 

Modoc War, 1873. 

Sioux War, 1876. 

Centennial Exposition, 1876. 

End of reconstruction period, 1877. 



Garfield shot, 1881. 



f Labor strikes. 

\ Charleston earthquake, 1886. 

f Two Dakotas, Montana, Washington, 

\ Idaho, become States, 1889. 



Wyoming, 



Grover Cleveland, f Coi.^mbian Exposition, 1893. 
President, 1893. I 

William McKinley, President, 1897. 

FEDERAI. GENKRAI^. 

McDowell, McClellan. 
Grant, Buell, Butler. 
Civil War. \ Rosecrans. Banks, Pope. 

Burnside, Hooker, Meade. 
Sherman, Thomas Seymour. 
Hancock, Schofield, Sheridan. 
Sedgwick, Hunter, Sigel. 



246 



Primary Histoiy of the United States. 



Civil War. 



CONFEDERATE GENERAI^S. 

R. E. Lee, Joseph E. Johnston, A. S. Johnston. 

T. J. Jackson, Stuart, Beauregard. 

Polk, Forrest, Morgan. 

Price, Van Dorn, Bragg. 

Kirby Smith, Longstreet. 

Magruder, Pemberton, Early. 

Finnegan, Taylor, Hood. 



S. f T *i i From the Earliest 

outhern Literature Period to the 

^ «^ «^ «^ t^ «^ «^ t^ t^ t<j* x"^resent J. ime 

By Miss LOUISE MANLY. 

A Manual intended for the School, the Library and the 
General Reader. 

Over 500 pages, i2mo, illustrated with more than fifty full- 
page engravings, excellent paper, gray cloth binding,with Index. 

PRICE, S7.00. 

An Appendix containing a list of Southern Authors and 
their Works is one of the most valuable features of this book. 
This is the most complete list ever published. 

SOUTHERN LITERATURE is the only work of its kind 
in existence. 

The selections are exceedingly varied and cover the long space of 318 
years lying between 1579 and 1895. Here the classification and introduc- 
tory biographical helps leave nothing to be desired. A voluminous 
appendix furnishes an extended list of Southern authors and their work. 
The day when this book is brought into a family or school will be a 
memorable day ever after in the history of all concerned. The pub- 
lishers are evidently proud of this book, and have spared no labor to 
make it attractive to the eye and convenient to the hand, while inexpen- 
sive to the purse. — J^ev. H. O. Oliver, in "-Baptist Courier,'''' Green- 
ville, S. C. 

It is a powerful array as to what this section of the Union has 
achieved. It is as impartial as it is patriotic. — Chicago Times-Herald. 

While I have been myself something of a student in that direction, I 
must confess that I have been both surprised and gratified at the dis- 
closure the work affords of the number of Southern authors, and of the 
extent, variety and general excellency of their work. — Hon. J. J. Dar- 
lington, Washington, D. C. 

Thanks for the copy of Miss Manly's "Southern Literature " sent me. 
It is a most excellent work and we at once adopted it as a text-book. It 
should be in every school in the United States. The North needs it even 
more than the South. — Prof. R. H. Willis, Fayetteville, Ark., Arkansas 
University. 

lam using "Southern Literature," and think it the most excellent 
text-book I have ever used. — /. O. Ozven, Principal Bagdad High 
School, Leander, Texas. 

I have received your book "Southern Literature " and begun a class. 
We are more than pleased with the book.— y. E. Thomason, Principal 
Graham College, Graham, Ala. 

(247) 



The Southern States 

of..... 

The American Union, 

CONSIDERED IN THEIR RELATIONS TO 
THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED 
STATES AND TO THE RESULTING UNION. 

jpW a^* e^^ 

By J. L. M. Curry, D. D., LL. D. 

Author of " Constitutional Government in Spain," " William 
Kwart Gladstone," "Establishment and Disestab- 
lishment in the United States," etc. 
With Questions and Suggestions for Teachers, by Prof. F. W 
BoATWRiGHT, President of Richmond College, 
Richmond, Va. 



STUDENFS EDITION, 272 PAGES, 12M0. PRICE, $1.00. 



Read What is Said of It. 

I count Dr. J. L. M. Curry's " Southern States of the American Union " 
an admirable work for the people, as well as the teachers North and 
South. Just, as well as patriotic ; comprehensive, as well as brief, this 

(248) 



work presents in a masterly manner the conditions and events of the 
most stirring period of American history. I earnestly recommend all 
North and Sonth, but especially my fellow-teachers, to read this work. — 
Joseph Baldwin, Professor of Pedagogy, State University, Austin, Tex. 



To careful, thoughtful men, there is here a contribution to the history 
of our country, a shedding of lights upon disputed questions which is 
worthy of all praise. — Times, Boston, Mass. 



This book ought to be widely read by all intelligent persons, — John A. 
Broadus {Theological Seminary), Louisville, Ky. 



I shall delight to use it along the lines of my constitutional defences of 
our position. It strikes me as admirable in tone, and clear and strong in 
its position, — ^J, Randolph Tucker, Professor of Law in IVashitigton 
and Lee University. 



It is exactly what is needed— a full, fair, plain, precise statement of 
facts, in which every fact is itself an argument — Col, Wm, Preston 
Johnston, President of Tulane University, New Orleans, Lm. 



The Doctor has done the South great service in the careful presentation 
of facts in his book. It will become a text-book of collateral reading in 
every college in the country. — General Stephen D. LeE, President of 
Mississippi Agricultural College. 



It will do a great deal of work in helping thoughtful persons North and 
South to see the true issues freed from the prejudice which comes from a 
section in which one happens to live and grow up. — Dr. W. T. Harris, 
of the Bureau of Education. 



It is a masterly vindication of that section of "Our Country" that has 
scarcely received its just consideration in its relation to the " Grand 
Union," of which it is a considerable part. It needs to be emphasized that 
the South has made noble contributions to the development of that Con- 
stitution that makes every man, as well as every State, an integral part 
of our government, — C, V, Waugh, D. D,, Professor of Latin and Phil- 
osophy, Florida State College, Lake City, Fla. 

(249) 



Itittle IiessoDs in Plant Iilf e 



FOR LITTLE CHILDREN. 



By MRS. H. H. RICHARDSON. |Z''rRre,'nS'va'! 



A live teacher 'wishes to keep up with 
the march of new ideas. .* 

He begins to teach nature to his pupils with their first day at 
school. He begins with what they already know and love, 
if he is wise. 

Nothing interests children more than flowers. They love 
flowers, and one naturally suggests the other to our mind. 

This little book, then, is meant to help the wise and busy 
teacher in his Nature work. It is the outcome of many }'ears 
of real and successful effort by a skillful and excellent teacher 
in the primary classes, and is no mere experiment. It cannot 
fail to be of great service to au}^ teacher who uses it in the 
advancement and pleasure of his pupils. 



AMONG ITS MANY GOOD POINTS ARE THE FOLLOWING: 

It is clear and simple in style. 

It is correct in its use of terms, so that there is nothing in it 
to be unlearned as the child grows older and studies 
Botany regularly, as is the case with many primary 
works. 

It is short and suggestive, so that the teacher can fill out 
according to his own ideas, unhampered by the iron 
system of another. 

It furnishes material for three years' work with little chil- 
dren. 

(250) 



5- It has lovely stories and poems, which delight and interest 
the little ones. 

6. It is also beautifully illustrated with pictures. 

7. It has diagrams to be drawn, thus impressing the mind and 

training the little fingers. 

8. It insists on original work by the pupil ; and this is of the 

utmost importance, for pupils cannot be taught too 
3'oung to use their own minds. 



TESTIMONIALS. 

I have been greatly interested in your treatment. I am not botanist 
enough to say whether you have said all that ought to be said, but what 
you have said has been clear, pointed and entertaining, and seems, so far 
as a non-expert can discover, to cover the essentials of plant life. 

I am nmch pleased with it as far as I can form any judgment, and also 
with the marked success you have had in presenting plant life in your 
school-room. 

WILLIAM F. FOX, 

Superintendent of Public Schools, Richmond, Va. 



I believe that "Little Lessons in Plant Life," for Little Children, will 
supply an immediate need of all teachers, especially those inexperienced 
in the art of teaching Elementary Science. The book will prove lielpful, 
suggestive and inspiring, not onh^ in the manner of dealing with the 
subject matter— and this is altogether pleasing — but in other directions 
of pedagogic value the little book demands hearty commendation. 

LEROY S. EDWARDS, 
Principal Springfield School, Richmond, Va. 



Price, 40 Cents. 



Will be sent, charges paid, on receipt of retail price; or may be ordered 
through local booksellers. 
Teachers ordering one dozen or more, will have a desk copy sent free. 

(251) 



standard Histories. Clieapest and Bast. 

LEE'S 

Advanced School ^ ^ ^ 
History of the United States. 

By SUSAN PENDLETON LEE, 

Author of ''Life of General WILLIAM N. PENDLETON," with 
Questions and Summaries for Reviews and Essays, by Miss 
Louise Manly, Teacher of Literature and Language, and 
author of ''Southern Literature." 600 pages. Price, $1.50. 
Introduction Price, $1.25. Exchange Price, 75c. 

"A Brief History of the United States," by the same author. 

Prepared for use in Public and Private Schools. 416 pages. 

Price, 90c. Introduction Price, 75c. Exchange Price, 50c. 
"A Primary History of the United States." Price, 50c. In= 

troduction Price, 40c. Exchange Price, 30c. 

^^5% i^w {^% 

The Best School Histories Ever Published. 

So Acknowledged by Leading Educators. 

^^w t^^ t*?* 

TESTinONIALS. 

It is a Southern book in its authorship and publication. It is fair to 
the North and does justice to the South. It narrates the story of the 
civil struggle between the two sections of our common country with 
fidelity to' the truth. The facts are clearly stated without evasion or 

(252) 



gloss. Ill mechanical make-up it is a superb volume. It should be 
studied by the boys and girls of the South in every grammar school and 
in every high school. They should know the truth concerning the 
causes for which their fathers fought. Northern youths should have the 
facts as they exist. History that suppresses a truth or mangles a fact to 
satisfy popular prejudice is not history but a caricature. The opposing 
principles that led to a four years' war, and as set forth calmly and dis- 
passionately in this history, should certainly be known to all children of 
this country. I shall introduce the book this season. — C. H. Otken, 
LIv. D. , Pres. McComb City Female Institute. 



I am so well pleased with "Lee's History," both as to treatment and 
arrangement of subjects, as well as to the neatness of the general "make- 
up" of the book, that I am planning to introduce it at once into my 
school. — Prof. J. W. TiNSLEY, Pi^incipal Brookeville Academy, Brooke- 
ville, Md. 

The story of the development of our country you have given us in an 
attractive style and with due regard to the prominent part taken by the 
men of the South. I shall be gratified to know of its general introduc- 
tion in our schools, and have asked our professor of history to examine it 
with a view of its introduction here. — Wm. IvE;roy Broun, President 
Alabama Polytechnic Institute. 



I have nothing in the way of text-books that pleases me so much as 
" Lee's United States History." It is just to both North and South, yet 
does honor to our Southern heroes, where honor belongs. — M. Thomas 
Kdgerton, President of Oak Cliff College, Oak Cliff, Texas. 



I am glad to give it my cordial commendation. The skill of its arrange- 
ment, and the breadth and justness of its tone, are equally admirable. 
The use of such a text-book would be a luxury to both pupil and 
teacher. — Bishop O. P. Fitzgerai^d, Nashville, Ten7i. 



It strikes me as being well conceived, well arranged and well written. 
All or nearly all of our post-bellum histories show more or less partiality 
for one side or the other when dealing with the Civil War period; but 
this fault is not more strongly marked in Mrs. Lee's work than in the 
works of her cotemporaries. All in all, I am quite favorably impressed 
with her book, and hope it will be well received. — William J. Stone 
{Governor), Jeffe}'son City, Mo. 

I have examined this excellent book and am much gratified that it has 
been published. " Children of larger growth" may receive valuable in- 
formation from this accurate and laborious presentation of the facts of 
history without parti'ality of comment.— Hon. John T. MORf^^AN, United 
States Senate. 

(253) 



Wan UAL or ^ 
Bible Worality. 



A Text-Book for Elementary and Academic Schools 

and for the Help of Parents in Training 

Their Children at Home. 



^* 6^^ ^* 

By Shaler G. Hillyer, D. D., 

For more than forty years a practical teacher, and for nearly twelve of 
those years a professor in Mercer University. 

c^* e^* i^* 

With an Introduction by Hon. G. R. GLENN, 

State School Commissioner of Georgfia. 

^^^ ^^^ ^5^ 



We are sure that teachers who realize the responsibility of 
training young souls will hail with joy Dr. Hillyer's little 
Manual, so full, and yet so simple that a little child can be 
made to understand its precious teachings. 

How important it is, then, to place in the hands of every 
teacher a suitable book, and to assign him a set period for this 
purpose. 

Properly appreciated, it will prove the most important factor 
in solving every problem that confronts us in all walks of life. 

(254) 



Vexing political questions, the labor question, every phase 
of the money question, all denominationalisnis, will melt before 
the overpowering love of God, which only waits an opportunity 
to shine down into and sweeten every life. 

The accompanying endorsements give some idea of the 
estimate placed on the book by experienced and successful 
educators. We invite teachers, parents, and all interested in 
the cause of education to examine carefuU}- this book with a 
view of using it regularly. We believe that it will prove a 
great blessing to our rising generation. 



TESTIMONIALS. 

I very cordialh^ commend this httle book, not only to all the teachers 
and school officials of this State, but to the teachers and school officials in 
all the States in this Union, who are concerned in having our children 
wisely trained to perpetuate in themselves and their descendants, the 
government and the institutions that have been handed down to us from 
our God-fearing fathers. — G. R. Gi^Enn, State School Coinmissiojier of 
Georgia. 

The treatise is wholly free from the least suggestion of sectarian bias, 
and while it urges all the sanction of the Bible in inculcating its precepts, 
it smacks of no creed, it is narrowed by no bigotry. — J. C. Harris, Prin- 
cipal Public Schools, Rome, Ga. 

It is most admirably conceived and executed. Such a text in the hands 
of competent teachers cannot fail to produce most salutary results. — W. 
A. Candler, Atlanta, Ga. 

The idea of adapting the principles of ethics to the comprehension of 
the youth of our country is a happy one, and most happily has the 
learned author wrought out the conception in this little volume. — A. J. 
Battle, President Shorter College, Rome, Ga. 

The book will be helpful to the teacher as well as instructive and useful 
to the child. — P. J. King, Principal Classical School, Rome, Ga. 

It would be well if such a book were used as a text in all the common 
schools of the country, — W. H. Payne, Chancellor University of Nash- 
ville, Tenn. 

My search fails to discover one word that might raise objection in the 
mind of anyone who believes in the Decalogue. — William E. Boggs, 
Chancellor University of Georgia. 



i2tno, 224 pages, well printed and substantially bound. 

Price, 60 Cents ; 

Will be sent postpaid on receipt of retail price. 

(255) 




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